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Средняя длина тела - 140-215 мм, масса тела - от 120 до 330 г. Хвост круглый, покрыт волосами, но не густо; в среднем составляет от 1/2 до 2/3 длины тела. Резцы - желто-бурого цвета. Окраска меха сверху сильно варьирует: от серого или рыжеватого до темно-бурого и черного тонов. Низ тела обычно светлее, чем спина.
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The largest of voles. The body size is greatly variable both in different parts of area, and in different landscapes within one geographic zone. Average length of body, 140 to 215 mm; weight of body, 120 to 330 g. The tail is round, covered with sparse hairs, on the average equal to 1/2 to 2/3 length of body. Incisors yellow brown. The coloration of dorsal fur varies greatly from grey or brownish to dark-brown and black tints. The ventrum of body is usually lighter than the back. Diploid set of chromosome, 36. The mode of life is intimately connected to fresh reservoirs; the species lives on flood-lands at rivers, in waterlogged terrains, and along banks of reservoirs; swims and dives well. In mountainous terrains it reaches alpine meadows.
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Длина тела до 130-150 мм; хвост до 26-35 мм, в среднем 15-25% длины тела, но не более 29%. Уши маленькие, едва выдаются из меха. Окраска светлая, с преобладанием песчано-охристых тонов различной яркости. Хвост одноцветный либо слабо двуцветный.
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Body length up to 130-150 mm, tail length up to 26-35 mm, 15-25% of body length on the average, but no more than 29%. Ears are small, hardly projected out of fur. Coloration is light, with predominance of sandy-ochre tones of various intensities. The tail is monochrome or gently dichromatic. The hind part of the foot is covered with dense hairs. Diploid set of chromosome, 34. Lives in dry cereal steppes, sometimes on meadows at steppe lakes and along river valleys. Establishes large colonies. Typical hole-digger; each family establishes composite holes, with winter hole in the center and fodder and protective holes surrounding the center hole. The holes are connected to each other by a web of paths and long underground passages.
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Длина тела до 110 мм; хвост длинный, не менее 90% длины тела и в среднем равен ей; ступня сравнительно короткая - менее 19 мм. Окраска верха однотонная, с преобладанием серых тонов; нижняя часть тела - от пепельно-серой до грязно- и чисто-белой.
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Body length reaches 110 mm, tail is long, no less than 90% of body length, on average equal to latter. Sole is rather small, its length is less than 19 mm. Coloration of the upper part is monochrome, with predominance of gray hues, body ventrum varies from ash-gray to whitish-gray and white. Diploid chromosome set is 2n=40. Synanthropic species, inhabiting human buildings in all natural zones. House Mouse occurs in very diverse biotopes. It avoids arctic and subarctic landscapes, massive forests of taiga type, and deserts; in mountains it reaches 2800-3000 m above sea level. In the south this animal dwells in open stations year-round, mainly in agrocenoses; in the north it lives in human buildings during the winter, and part of the population migrates to nearby lands during the warm season.
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Длина тела - до 260 мм, хвоста - до 65 мм. Верх тела имеет окраску с преобладанием буровато-коричневых тонов, более светлых на боках и брюхе. Окраска хвоста с беловатым оттенком. Ушная раковина небольшого размера и скрыта мехом.
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Body length is 260 mm, tail 65 mm. Upper side of body is mainly reddish-brown; the color is lighter on sides and ventrum. The tail has whitish tint. Auricles are small and concealed by fur. Fore legs are short; claws are long and crescent-shaped. Adult males weigh, on average, 503 (225-720) g; females weigh 402 (200-540) g. One molt per year is characteristic for the Zokor, occuring in April-November. It has 1-10 young per litter, more often 3-5, 4.5 on the average. The birth occurs in the last third of March. Youngs are born blind and glabrous; they grow quickly and start settling from a parent burrow in the second half of June during the greatest intensity of plant vegetation. Sexual maturity of males and females appears at the age of 7-8 months. Sex ratio is 1:1.5 with prevalence of females in populations.
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Клоп с варьирующей окраской, чаще всего светло-коричневых тонов, длиной 12 мм. Тело широкоовальное. Щиток большой широкий, хитинизированный, прикрывает крылья и всё брюшко, на вершине закруглен, реже прямой.
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Bug with varying coloration, more often light brown, 12 mm in length. Body wide-oval. Scutellum big, wide, chitinous, covering wings and whole abdomen, rounded at apex, rarer straight. Imago sexually dimorphous; last segment of female abdomen trapezoid, with distinct longitudinal slit, consisting of 3 pairs of plates; males having one big plate. Average life duration, 28-31 days. Fertility 28-42 eggs, maximum 146-182. Eggs are located in two regular rows with 7 eggs in a row (2-3 batches on the average, maximum 13) on the lower side of leaves, on stalks, on weed vegetation, sometimes on ground lumps. Fertility depends both on abiotic conditions, and on phase of development of grain cereals during feeding. Oviposition lasts 30 to 50 days. Duration of egg development, 6 to 28 days. Development of 5 larval instars passes 20 to 45 days on grain crops, beginning from booting to the end of dough development. Air temperature 20-24 degrees C and precipitation about 25-35 mm per month are optimal for their development. 2nd-3rd-instar larvae have light abdomen and dark head and thorax. 4th-instar larvae have rudiments of forewings, and 5th-instar larvae have rudiments of hind wings.
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Длина тела до 230 мм, хвоста - до 40 мм (обычно 18-25% длины тела). Окраска спины буровато-серая, с примесью охристых тонов и с желтоватой крапчатостью различной интенсивности. Окраска головы сверху заметно темнее спины и с более интенсивными охристыми тонами.
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Body length, up to 230 mm; tail length, up to 40 mm (usually 18-25 % of body length). The dorsum coloration is brownish-grey, with addition of ochre tones and with yellowish mottling of different intensity. Head coloration is notably darker than back (from dorsal view) and with more intensive ochre tones. Tail light, grayish-ochre with light apex or with light marginal limb. Diploid set of chromosomes, 36. Species has a colonial mode of life, builds burrows, and hibernates. Inhabits semi deserts, and also parts of desert and steppe regions. Settles on common pastures, pastures, and roadsides. Avoids and leaves lands that are plowed, remaining only at field edges (100-150 m). Builds burrows of two types: constant and temporary. For winter all exits are plugged by soil; in the spring entrances are opened, burrows cleaned and new construction started. As a result of digging activity over several generations a mound is formed on the surface (7-8 m in diameter and up to 0.6 m in height), so-called "souslikovina". This is usually a center of fodder. From the top of the souslikovina, animals observe the environs. When threatened they emit a sharp singing sound, and all sousliks retreat to burrows.
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P. cyclopium. . образует мицелий от светло-голубых, зеленых до темных тонов. Конидиеносцы одиночные, 200-400х3-3.5 мкм, шероховатые, иногда более или менее гладкие, с одной или большим количеством веточек.
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Mould saprotroph fungi belong to surface microflora of wheat seeds. Grain may be infected in maturing period under high humidity conditions at low temperature, but more often moulds develop during storage. A. fumigatus forms light-violet or brown mycelium. Conidiophores are 300 by 2-8 um in size, with bladder-like inflation on top, 20 to 30 um in diameter. Sterigmas are mononuclear, located on upper part of bladder-like inflation. Conidia are mononuclear, ellipsoidal or spherical, smooth or spinose, 2.5 to 3 um in size. A. glaucum forms friable yellow-green mycelium. Conidiophores are unbranched, bloated on top, bearing sterigmas that branch off radially and diverge at apices like chains. Conidia are spherical, bristly, green, 7 to 15 mkm in diameter. P. cyclopium forms mycelium of light-blue to dark-green colors. Conidiophores are single, 200-400 by 3-3.5 um in size, rough, sometimes smooth, with one or more branchlets. 4 to 8 sterigmas in fascicle are 7-10 by 2.2-2.8 um in size, with truncated top. Conidia are spherical, 3.3 to 4 um in diameter or elliptical, 3.3-4 by 2.5 um in size. P. glaucum forms green-gray mycelium; conidiophores have branched racemule; apical branches bear chains of small-sized round uncolored spores (2 to 4 um in diameter each). T. roseum forms dense felt mycelium; conidiophores are unbranched, bearing bulb-shaped and bicellular spores on top, 12-18 by 8-10 um in size. M. mucedo forms dark-red mycelium with black dots (sporangia); sporangiophores are brown, gathered in fascicles (3 to 5), 4 mm in height. Sporangium is spherical, 100 to 200 um in diameter; spores are unicellate, spherical or ellipsoidal, 8-14 by 6-11 um in size, with gray wrinkled surface. Spores of mould fungi are preserved in granaries, and under favorable conditions may cause mass infection of seeds.