rg – -Translation – Keybot Dictionary

  Structural analysis of ...  

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À partir des résultats combinés de l’analyse de méthylation et de la spectroscopie de RMN, nous avons proposé une structure possible pour l’ APS, qui est la suivante : le squelette est constitué d’homogalacturonane (HG) nommé régions lisses par liaison linéaire de 1,4 α d-GalpA, et de rhamnogalacturonane-I (RG-I) appelé régions pileuses par liaison de →4) α d GalpA-(1 → 2)-α-l-Rhap-(1 → partiellement substituée à des unités de rhamnose en O 4.

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The chemical structure of a water-soluble pectic polysaccharide (sterculia APS) isolated from boat-fruited sterculia seeds (Semen Sterculiae Lychnophorae) was elucidated using partial acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis and 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results of partial acid hydrolysis revealed that sterculia APS contained galacturonic acids and rhamnose units in the backbone, and arabinose, galactose and xylose residues in the branched chains. Combined the methylation analysis results with NMR spectroscopy, a possible structure of APS was proposed as follow: the backbone consisted of the homogalacturonan (HG) named “smooth” regions by linear linkage of 1,4-α-d-GalpA, and the rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) called “hairy” ones by the linkage of →4)-α-d-GalpA-(1 → 2)-α-l-Rhap-(1 → partially substituted at O-4 of rhamnose units. The GalpA residues were partially methyl esterified and O-acetylated on C-2 and/or C-3. The side chains were mainly composed of araban and arabinogalactan by the linkages of T-, 1,3-, 1,5-l-Araf and T-, 1,4-, 1,6-, 1,3,6-, 1,3,4-d-Galp, attached to O-4 of the backbone rhamnose units.

  A molecular modeling ap...  

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Les rapports mannose/galactose étudiés lors de la présente étude étaient de 4/1, 3/1, 2/1 et 1/1 afin de simuler respectivement la gomme de caroube, la gomme de tara, la gomme de guar et la gomme de fenugrec. On a calculé les paramètres de conformation Lp, C∞ et Rg.

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Conformations of simulated galacomannans with different mannose/galactose ratios were investigated using molecular modelling software (Insight II/Discover_3 and RIS program, Version 4.0.0). The mannose/galactose ratios used in the present study were 4/1, 3/1, 2/1 and 1/1 respectively to simulate locust bean gum, tara gum, guar gum and fenugreek gum. Conformational parameters, Lp, C∞ and Rg, were calculated. The results showed that the insertion of galactosyl groups could cause bending of the chains. The conformation of locust bean gum was much stiffer than the other three gums. Among the other three gums, fenugreek gum behaved as the most compact and flexible chain which might be due to the interactions along the side groups; guar gum behaved as the stiffest chain among the three gums, and tara gum was in the middle range. No ordered structures were observed in the fully substituted fenugreek gum chain. It was assumed that intra-chain interactions, both through side groups or smooth regions, could affect chain conformations. The results could explain the synergistic interactions between galactomannans and cellulosic polysaccharides: a more flexible chain can help with penetrating through networks in solutions, while the side groups can help with forming stronger “hyperentanglements” which themselves could increase viscosity; the stiffer chain with more unsubstituted regions can form junction zones with the cellulosic molecules.

  Structural elucidation ...  

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Cette fraction acide a été séparée de la gomme de graines de lin soluble dans l’eau par chromatographie d’échange d’anions. La GFA était constituée d’un squelette de rhamnogalacturonane-I (RG-I) sur lequel se trouvaient ds unités répétitives de diglycosyle, →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→.

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The structure of acidic fraction gum (AFG) from flaxseed hulls was elucidated by methylation analysis and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. This acidic fraction was separated from water-soluble flaxseed gum using anion-exchange chromatography. AFG consisted of a rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) backbone that features diglycosyl repeating units, →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→. Rhamnosyl residues (38.2%) were the most abundant neutral sugar component. It was present mainly as unbranched (16.5%) and branched (19.5%) →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ at O-3. Most of its branches were terminated by monosaccharides, α/β-d-Galp-(1→ (19.6%), α-l-Fucp-(1→ (4.5%) or β-d-Xylp-(1→ (3.1%). However, when this branching site was occasionally appended with →4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→ or →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→, side chains may consist of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), homorhamnan (HR) or a mixture of both. AFG was highly branched as indicated by its high degree of branching (0.55). A possible structure of AFG was proposed: HR: homorhamnan; RG-I: rhamnogalacturonan-I; HG: homogalacturonan. The locations of HR, RG-I, and HG are interchangeable; (m+n)/(n+i)≈1.5. The substitution rate of R1 is ∼54%. R1 is mostly monosaccharide (α/β-d-Galp-(1→, α-l-Fucp-(1→ or β-d-Xylp-(1→). R1 may also occasionally be a longer side chain with more than two residues beginning with →4)-α-GalpA-(1→ or →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→, wherein the side-chain structure may be similar to part of the main chain.

  Structural elucidation ...  

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Cette fraction acide a été séparée de la gomme de graines de lin soluble dans l’eau par chromatographie d’échange d’anions. La GFA était constituée d’un squelette de rhamnogalacturonane-I (RG-I) sur lequel se trouvaient ds unités répétitives de diglycosyle, →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→.

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The structure of acidic fraction gum (AFG) from flaxseed hulls was elucidated by methylation analysis and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. This acidic fraction was separated from water-soluble flaxseed gum using anion-exchange chromatography. AFG consisted of a rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) backbone that features diglycosyl repeating units, →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→. Rhamnosyl residues (38.2%) were the most abundant neutral sugar component. It was present mainly as unbranched (16.5%) and branched (19.5%) →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ at O-3. Most of its branches were terminated by monosaccharides, α/β-d-Galp-(1→ (19.6%), α-l-Fucp-(1→ (4.5%) or β-d-Xylp-(1→ (3.1%). However, when this branching site was occasionally appended with →4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→ or →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→, side chains may consist of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), homorhamnan (HR) or a mixture of both. AFG was highly branched as indicated by its high degree of branching (0.55). A possible structure of AFG was proposed: HR: homorhamnan; RG-I: rhamnogalacturonan-I; HG: homogalacturonan. The locations of HR, RG-I, and HG are interchangeable; (m+n)/(n+i)≈1.5. The substitution rate of R1 is ∼54%. R1 is mostly monosaccharide (α/β-d-Galp-(1→, α-l-Fucp-(1→ or β-d-Xylp-(1→). R1 may also occasionally be a longer side chain with more than two residues beginning with →4)-α-GalpA-(1→ or →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→, wherein the side-chain structure may be similar to part of the main chain.

  Structural elucidation ...  

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Cette fraction acide a été séparée de la gomme de graines de lin soluble dans l’eau par chromatographie d’échange d’anions. La GFA était constituée d’un squelette de rhamnogalacturonane-I (RG-I) sur lequel se trouvaient ds unités répétitives de diglycosyle, →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→.

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The structure of acidic fraction gum (AFG) from flaxseed hulls was elucidated by methylation analysis and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. This acidic fraction was separated from water-soluble flaxseed gum using anion-exchange chromatography. AFG consisted of a rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) backbone that features diglycosyl repeating units, →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→. Rhamnosyl residues (38.2%) were the most abundant neutral sugar component. It was present mainly as unbranched (16.5%) and branched (19.5%) →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ at O-3. Most of its branches were terminated by monosaccharides, α/β-d-Galp-(1→ (19.6%), α-l-Fucp-(1→ (4.5%) or β-d-Xylp-(1→ (3.1%). However, when this branching site was occasionally appended with →4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→ or →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→, side chains may consist of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), homorhamnan (HR) or a mixture of both. AFG was highly branched as indicated by its high degree of branching (0.55). A possible structure of AFG was proposed: HR: homorhamnan; RG-I: rhamnogalacturonan-I; HG: homogalacturonan. The locations of HR, RG-I, and HG are interchangeable; (m+n)/(n+i)≈1.5. The substitution rate of R1 is ∼54%. R1 is mostly monosaccharide (α/β-d-Galp-(1→, α-l-Fucp-(1→ or β-d-Xylp-(1→). R1 may also occasionally be a longer side chain with more than two residues beginning with →4)-α-GalpA-(1→ or →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→, wherein the side-chain structure may be similar to part of the main chain.

  Structural elucidation ...  

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Cette fraction acide a été séparée de la gomme de graines de lin soluble dans l’eau par chromatographie d’échange d’anions. La GFA était constituée d’un squelette de rhamnogalacturonane-I (RG-I) sur lequel se trouvaient ds unités répétitives de diglycosyle, →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→.

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The structure of acidic fraction gum (AFG) from flaxseed hulls was elucidated by methylation analysis and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. This acidic fraction was separated from water-soluble flaxseed gum using anion-exchange chromatography. AFG consisted of a rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) backbone that features diglycosyl repeating units, →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→. Rhamnosyl residues (38.2%) were the most abundant neutral sugar component. It was present mainly as unbranched (16.5%) and branched (19.5%) →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ at O-3. Most of its branches were terminated by monosaccharides, α/β-d-Galp-(1→ (19.6%), α-l-Fucp-(1→ (4.5%) or β-d-Xylp-(1→ (3.1%). However, when this branching site was occasionally appended with →4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→ or →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→, side chains may consist of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), homorhamnan (HR) or a mixture of both. AFG was highly branched as indicated by its high degree of branching (0.55). A possible structure of AFG was proposed: HR: homorhamnan; RG-I: rhamnogalacturonan-I; HG: homogalacturonan. The locations of HR, RG-I, and HG are interchangeable; (m+n)/(n+i)≈1.5. The substitution rate of R1 is ∼54%. R1 is mostly monosaccharide (α/β-d-Galp-(1→, α-l-Fucp-(1→ or β-d-Xylp-(1→). R1 may also occasionally be a longer side chain with more than two residues beginning with →4)-α-GalpA-(1→ or →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→, wherein the side-chain structure may be similar to part of the main chain.

  Mechanisms of yield los...  

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On sait que la compétition des mauvaises herbes fait diminuer le rendement grainier (RG) du maïs, mais on connaît encore mal le processus physiologique responsable de cette diminution. Nous avons donc conçu une expérience visant à vérifier l’hypothèse selon laquelle le stress causé en début de saison par la proximité de mauvaises herbes augmenterait la variabilité inter-individus (VII) de la masse de matière sèche végétale (MMSV) au sein de la population, car une telle augmentation de la VII aurait pour effet de réduire le RG en faisant diminuer l’indice de récolte (IR).

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The physiological process underlying grain yield (GY) loss in maize as a result of weed competition is not understood clearly. We designed an experiment to test the hypotheses that early season stress caused by the presence of neighboring weeds will increase plant-to-plant variability (PPV) of individual plant dry matter (PDM) within the population. This increase in PPV will reduce GY through a reduction in harvest index (HI). Field experiments were conducted in 2008, 2009, and 2010. A glyphosate-resistant maize hybrid was cropped at a density of 7 plants m-2. As a model weed, winter wheat was seeded at the same time as maize and controlled with glyphosate at the 3rd or 10th to 12th leaf-tip stage of maize. Weed competition early in the development of maize decreased PDM and GY. This reduction in PDM, which occurred early in the development of maize, was attributed initially to a delay in rate of leaf appearance. Reductions in PDM were accompanied by an increase in PPV of PDM. This increase in PPV, however, did not reduce HI and did not contribute to the GY reductions created by weed competition, as hypothesized. As weed control was delayed, a reduction in fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fIPAR) accounted for a further reduction in PDM and notably, a reduction in DMA from 17th leaf-tip stage through to maturity. The rapid loss of PDM and the subsequent inability to accumulate dry matter during maturation accounted for a rapid decline in kernel number (KN) and kernel weight (KW).

  Mechanisms of yield los...  

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On sait que la compétition des mauvaises herbes fait diminuer le rendement grainier (RG) du maïs, mais on connaît encore mal le processus physiologique responsable de cette diminution. Nous avons donc conçu une expérience visant à vérifier l’hypothèse selon laquelle le stress causé en début de saison par la proximité de mauvaises herbes augmenterait la variabilité inter-individus (VII) de la masse de matière sèche végétale (MMSV) au sein de la population, car une telle augmentation de la VII aurait pour effet de réduire le RG en faisant diminuer l’indice de récolte (IR).

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The physiological process underlying grain yield (GY) loss in maize as a result of weed competition is not understood clearly. We designed an experiment to test the hypotheses that early season stress caused by the presence of neighboring weeds will increase plant-to-plant variability (PPV) of individual plant dry matter (PDM) within the population. This increase in PPV will reduce GY through a reduction in harvest index (HI). Field experiments were conducted in 2008, 2009, and 2010. A glyphosate-resistant maize hybrid was cropped at a density of 7 plants m-2. As a model weed, winter wheat was seeded at the same time as maize and controlled with glyphosate at the 3rd or 10th to 12th leaf-tip stage of maize. Weed competition early in the development of maize decreased PDM and GY. This reduction in PDM, which occurred early in the development of maize, was attributed initially to a delay in rate of leaf appearance. Reductions in PDM were accompanied by an increase in PPV of PDM. This increase in PPV, however, did not reduce HI and did not contribute to the GY reductions created by weed competition, as hypothesized. As weed control was delayed, a reduction in fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fIPAR) accounted for a further reduction in PDM and notably, a reduction in DMA from 17th leaf-tip stage through to maturity. The rapid loss of PDM and the subsequent inability to accumulate dry matter during maturation accounted for a rapid decline in kernel number (KN) and kernel weight (KW).

  Mechanisms of yield los...  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL

On sait que la compétition des mauvaises herbes fait diminuer le rendement grainier (RG) du maïs, mais on connaît encore mal le processus physiologique responsable de cette diminution. Nous avons donc conçu une expérience visant à vérifier l’hypothèse selon laquelle le stress causé en début de saison par la proximité de mauvaises herbes augmenterait la variabilité inter-individus (VII) de la masse de matière sèche végétale (MMSV) au sein de la population, car une telle augmentation de la VII aurait pour effet de réduire le RG en faisant diminuer l’indice de récolte (IR).

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The physiological process underlying grain yield (GY) loss in maize as a result of weed competition is not understood clearly. We designed an experiment to test the hypotheses that early season stress caused by the presence of neighboring weeds will increase plant-to-plant variability (PPV) of individual plant dry matter (PDM) within the population. This increase in PPV will reduce GY through a reduction in harvest index (HI). Field experiments were conducted in 2008, 2009, and 2010. A glyphosate-resistant maize hybrid was cropped at a density of 7 plants m-2. As a model weed, winter wheat was seeded at the same time as maize and controlled with glyphosate at the 3rd or 10th to 12th leaf-tip stage of maize. Weed competition early in the development of maize decreased PDM and GY. This reduction in PDM, which occurred early in the development of maize, was attributed initially to a delay in rate of leaf appearance. Reductions in PDM were accompanied by an increase in PPV of PDM. This increase in PPV, however, did not reduce HI and did not contribute to the GY reductions created by weed competition, as hypothesized. As weed control was delayed, a reduction in fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fIPAR) accounted for a further reduction in PDM and notably, a reduction in DMA from 17th leaf-tip stage through to maturity. The rapid loss of PDM and the subsequent inability to accumulate dry matter during maturation accounted for a rapid decline in kernel number (KN) and kernel weight (KW).

  Soil microbiology in Gl...  

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Depuis les années 1990, on cultive couramment des plantes génétiquement modifiées résistantes aux herbicides, et la culture de ces plantes pourrait influer sur les microorganismes du sol. Nous avons évalué les effets de la culture du maïs (Zea mays L.) résistant au glyphosate (RG) et ceux de l’application de glyphosate sur le carbone de la biomasse microbienne (CBM) du sol, l’activité de l’enzyme β‑glucosidase (dernière saison seulement), la diversité fonctionnelle des bactéries et les profils physiologiques des communautés bactériennes (PPCB) de monocultures de maïs sur cinq saisons.

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Genetically modified herbicide resistant crops are commonly grown since their introduction in the 1990s, but growing these crops could affect soil microorganisms. We evaluated the effects of glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn (Zea mays L.) and glyphosate application on soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), β-glucosidase enzyme activity (final season only), bacterial functional diversity, and bacterial community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) in corn monoculture in five seasons. We also determined if growing GR corn in crop rotations would alter these effects. In monoculture, the GR trait (GR corn vs. conventional corn) had no effects on MBC, β-glucosidase activity, or functional diversity in any year. However, there were differences in CLPPs related to this trait in three seasons. Glyphosate application in monoculture increased MBC in corn rhizosphere in one season, and decreased MBC and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in another season. In crop rotations, GR corn (relative to conventional corn) decreased bacterial diversity and MBC in bulk soil in two seasons, and increased β-glucosidase activity in corn rhizosphere and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in the final season. Growing GR corn in crop rotation compared to growing it in monoculture decreased MBC in corn rhizosphere in one season, but increased MBC and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in four seasons, and increased β-glucosidase activity in corn rhizosphere and bulk soil in the final season. These results show that the GR technology had mostly no effects on soil microorganisms, had some inconsistent effects, and growing GR corn in crop rotation mostly mitigated any negative effects.

  Glyphosate- and acetola...  

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Durant l’été 2011, nous avons étudié des populations de kochia à balais soupçonnées d’être résistantes au glyphosate dans trois champs de jachère chimique situés dans le sud de l’Alberta (désignés F1, F2 et F3 et appartenant à des producteurs différents). Dans le cadre de la présente étude, nous avons caractérisé la résistance au glyphosate (RG) de ces populations en nous fondant sur les résultats d’essais de réaction à la dose.

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In summer, 2011, we investigated suspected glyphosate-resistant (GR) kochia in three chem-fallow fields (designated F1, F2, F3, each farmed by a different grower) in southern Alberta. This study characterizes glyphosate resistance in those populations, based on data from dose–response experiments. In a greenhouse experiment, the three populations exhibited a resistance factor ranging from 4 to 6 based on shoot biomass response (GR50 ratios), or 5 to 7 based on survival response (LD50 ratios). Similar results were found in a field dose–response experiment at Lethbridge, AB, in spring 2012 using the F2 kochia population. In fall 2011, we surveyed 46 fields within a 20-km radius of the three chem-fallow fields for GR kochia. In the greenhouse, populations were screened with glyphosate at 900 g ae ha-1. Seven populations were confirmed as GR, the farthest site located about 13 km from the three originally confirmed populations. An additional GR population more than 100 km away was later confirmed. Populations were screened for acetolactate synthase (ALS)–inhibitor (thifensulfuron   tribenuron) and dicamba resistance in the greenhouse, with molecular characterization of ALS-inhibitor resistance in the F1, F2, and F3 populations. All GR populations were resistant to the ALS-inhibiting herbicide, but susceptible to dicamba. ALS-inhibitor resistance in kochia was conferred by Pro197, Asp376, or Trp574 amino acid substitutions. Based upon a simple empirical model with a parameter for selection pressure, calculated from weed relative abundance and glyphosate efficacy, and a parameter for seedbank longevity, kochia, wild oat, and green foxtail were the top three weeds, respectively, predicted at risk of selection for glyphosate resistance in the semiarid Grassland region of the Canadian prairies; wild oat, green foxtail, and cleavers species were predicted at greatest risk in the subhumid Parkland region. This study confirms the first occurrence of a GR weed in western Canada. Future research on GR kochia will include monitoring, biology and ecology, fitness, mechanism of resistance, and best management practices.

  Soil microbiology in Gl...  

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Depuis les années 1990, on cultive couramment des plantes génétiquement modifiées résistantes aux herbicides, et la culture de ces plantes pourrait influer sur les microorganismes du sol. Nous avons évalué les effets de la culture du maïs (Zea mays L.) résistant au glyphosate (RG) et ceux de l’application de glyphosate sur le carbone de la biomasse microbienne (CBM) du sol, l’activité de l’enzyme β‑glucosidase (dernière saison seulement), la diversité fonctionnelle des bactéries et les profils physiologiques des communautés bactériennes (PPCB) de monocultures de maïs sur cinq saisons.

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Genetically modified herbicide resistant crops are commonly grown since their introduction in the 1990s, but growing these crops could affect soil microorganisms. We evaluated the effects of glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn (Zea mays L.) and glyphosate application on soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), β-glucosidase enzyme activity (final season only), bacterial functional diversity, and bacterial community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) in corn monoculture in five seasons. We also determined if growing GR corn in crop rotations would alter these effects. In monoculture, the GR trait (GR corn vs. conventional corn) had no effects on MBC, β-glucosidase activity, or functional diversity in any year. However, there were differences in CLPPs related to this trait in three seasons. Glyphosate application in monoculture increased MBC in corn rhizosphere in one season, and decreased MBC and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in another season. In crop rotations, GR corn (relative to conventional corn) decreased bacterial diversity and MBC in bulk soil in two seasons, and increased β-glucosidase activity in corn rhizosphere and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in the final season. Growing GR corn in crop rotation compared to growing it in monoculture decreased MBC in corn rhizosphere in one season, but increased MBC and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in four seasons, and increased β-glucosidase activity in corn rhizosphere and bulk soil in the final season. These results show that the GR technology had mostly no effects on soil microorganisms, had some inconsistent effects, and growing GR corn in crop rotation mostly mitigated any negative effects.

  Soil microbiology in Gl...  

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Depuis les années 1990, on cultive couramment des plantes génétiquement modifiées résistantes aux herbicides, et la culture de ces plantes pourrait influer sur les microorganismes du sol. Nous avons évalué les effets de la culture du maïs (Zea mays L.) résistant au glyphosate (RG) et ceux de l’application de glyphosate sur le carbone de la biomasse microbienne (CBM) du sol, l’activité de l’enzyme β‑glucosidase (dernière saison seulement), la diversité fonctionnelle des bactéries et les profils physiologiques des communautés bactériennes (PPCB) de monocultures de maïs sur cinq saisons.

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Genetically modified herbicide resistant crops are commonly grown since their introduction in the 1990s, but growing these crops could affect soil microorganisms. We evaluated the effects of glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn (Zea mays L.) and glyphosate application on soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), β-glucosidase enzyme activity (final season only), bacterial functional diversity, and bacterial community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) in corn monoculture in five seasons. We also determined if growing GR corn in crop rotations would alter these effects. In monoculture, the GR trait (GR corn vs. conventional corn) had no effects on MBC, β-glucosidase activity, or functional diversity in any year. However, there were differences in CLPPs related to this trait in three seasons. Glyphosate application in monoculture increased MBC in corn rhizosphere in one season, and decreased MBC and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in another season. In crop rotations, GR corn (relative to conventional corn) decreased bacterial diversity and MBC in bulk soil in two seasons, and increased β-glucosidase activity in corn rhizosphere and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in the final season. Growing GR corn in crop rotation compared to growing it in monoculture decreased MBC in corn rhizosphere in one season, but increased MBC and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in four seasons, and increased β-glucosidase activity in corn rhizosphere and bulk soil in the final season. These results show that the GR technology had mostly no effects on soil microorganisms, had some inconsistent effects, and growing GR corn in crop rotation mostly mitigated any negative effects.

  Soil microbiology in Gl...  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL

Depuis les années 1990, on cultive couramment des plantes génétiquement modifiées résistantes aux herbicides, et la culture de ces plantes pourrait influer sur les microorganismes du sol. Nous avons évalué les effets de la culture du maïs (Zea mays L.) résistant au glyphosate (RG) et ceux de l’application de glyphosate sur le carbone de la biomasse microbienne (CBM) du sol, l’activité de l’enzyme β‑glucosidase (dernière saison seulement), la diversité fonctionnelle des bactéries et les profils physiologiques des communautés bactériennes (PPCB) de monocultures de maïs sur cinq saisons.

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Genetically modified herbicide resistant crops are commonly grown since their introduction in the 1990s, but growing these crops could affect soil microorganisms. We evaluated the effects of glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn (Zea mays L.) and glyphosate application on soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), β-glucosidase enzyme activity (final season only), bacterial functional diversity, and bacterial community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) in corn monoculture in five seasons. We also determined if growing GR corn in crop rotations would alter these effects. In monoculture, the GR trait (GR corn vs. conventional corn) had no effects on MBC, β-glucosidase activity, or functional diversity in any year. However, there were differences in CLPPs related to this trait in three seasons. Glyphosate application in monoculture increased MBC in corn rhizosphere in one season, and decreased MBC and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in another season. In crop rotations, GR corn (relative to conventional corn) decreased bacterial diversity and MBC in bulk soil in two seasons, and increased β-glucosidase activity in corn rhizosphere and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in the final season. Growing GR corn in crop rotation compared to growing it in monoculture decreased MBC in corn rhizosphere in one season, but increased MBC and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in four seasons, and increased β-glucosidase activity in corn rhizosphere and bulk soil in the final season. These results show that the GR technology had mostly no effects on soil microorganisms, had some inconsistent effects, and growing GR corn in crop rotation mostly mitigated any negative effects.

  Soil microbiology in Gl...  

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Depuis les années 1990, on cultive couramment des plantes génétiquement modifiées résistantes aux herbicides, et la culture de ces plantes pourrait influer sur les microorganismes du sol. Nous avons évalué les effets de la culture du maïs (Zea mays L.) résistant au glyphosate (RG) et ceux de l’application de glyphosate sur le carbone de la biomasse microbienne (CBM) du sol, l’activité de l’enzyme β‑glucosidase (dernière saison seulement), la diversité fonctionnelle des bactéries et les profils physiologiques des communautés bactériennes (PPCB) de monocultures de maïs sur cinq saisons.

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Genetically modified herbicide resistant crops are commonly grown since their introduction in the 1990s, but growing these crops could affect soil microorganisms. We evaluated the effects of glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn (Zea mays L.) and glyphosate application on soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), β-glucosidase enzyme activity (final season only), bacterial functional diversity, and bacterial community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) in corn monoculture in five seasons. We also determined if growing GR corn in crop rotations would alter these effects. In monoculture, the GR trait (GR corn vs. conventional corn) had no effects on MBC, β-glucosidase activity, or functional diversity in any year. However, there were differences in CLPPs related to this trait in three seasons. Glyphosate application in monoculture increased MBC in corn rhizosphere in one season, and decreased MBC and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in another season. In crop rotations, GR corn (relative to conventional corn) decreased bacterial diversity and MBC in bulk soil in two seasons, and increased β-glucosidase activity in corn rhizosphere and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in the final season. Growing GR corn in crop rotation compared to growing it in monoculture decreased MBC in corn rhizosphere in one season, but increased MBC and bacterial diversity in bulk soil in four seasons, and increased β-glucosidase activity in corn rhizosphere and bulk soil in the final season. These results show that the GR technology had mostly no effects on soil microorganisms, had some inconsistent effects, and growing GR corn in crop rotation mostly mitigated any negative effects.