gan – Übersetzung – Keybot-Wörterbuch

  Background to the Proje...  

Text zeigenZeige Ausgangstext im CacheURL mit Ausgangstext zeigen	Dyluniwyd y wefan gan Martin Crampin Datblygiad a hostio'r wefan gan Technoleg Taliesin Cyf.
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  Lleoli Chwyldro Cymru ...  

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Cafwyd papurau gan dros 40 o ysgolheigion rhyngwladol ar bynciau yn amrywio o ganeuon poblogaidd a phensaernïaeth tafarnau Llundain i nofelau Gothig, cynllunio gerddi, a thrydan – adlewyrchiad teg o amrywiaeth yr ymdriniaethau o agweddau ysgolheigaidd modern â’r cyfnod.

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We enjoyed three fascinating plenaries. Professor Nigel Leask of Glasgow delivered a paper on ‘Politics, poetics and patronage: Burns’s Highland Tour of 1787’; Professor John Barrell of York gave a lecture entitled ‘ “I know where that is: the Place of Edward Pugh’; and Professor Claire Connolly of Cork discussed ‘War, Ireland and the national tale’. Over 40 international scholars gave papers on topics ranging from popular song and the architecture of London pubs to Gothic novels, landscape gardening and electricity – a fine reflection of the diversity of modern scholarly approaches to the period.

  Lleoli Chwyldro Cymru ...  

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Sut daeth bwrlwm yr oes yn Ewrop i’r amlwg ar lawr gwlad? Sut oedd teyrngarwch cymdeithasol, crefyddol a gwleidyddol yn cael ei gyflyru gan dirweddau ac amgylcheddau penodol? Sut mae mesur teyrngarwch a gwrthsafiad mewn cymunedau gwledig, rhanbarthol, trefol a metropolitaidd penodol?

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The conference explored the relation between geography (considered as place, landscape, cartography and real and imagined space) and change during the period of the revolutionary wars. In what local, localised forms did the European upheavals of the age manifest themselves? How were social, religious and political loyalties conditioned by particular landscapes and environments? What were the coordinates of loyalism and opposition in particular rural, regional, urban and metropolitan communities? The conference seeks to place ‘history’ in specific locations, mapping connections across Europe, the Atlantic, and the wider world. It also sets out to consider the dramatic material forms that Romanticism, revolution and reaction took at this time.

  Political Pamphlets and...  

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Pa fodd bynnag am hyn, cyhoeddwyd dros ddeg ar hugain o bamffledi a phregethau gwleidyddol eu naws gan awduron Cymreig yn sgil y Chwyldro Ffrengig. Ynddynt, ymosododd radicaliaid yn eofn ar seiliau’r frenhiniaeth ym Mhrydain ac ar yr egwyddor o gynnal Eglwys Sefydledig.

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However, over thirty political pamphlets and sermons by Welsh authors were published in the wake of the French Revolution. Radical texts boldly attacked the very institution of the monarchy and the principle of establishing a church. They refuted the state’s political misuse of Christian practices, such as fasting, to support the British war against the French Republic and exhorted their compatriots to emigrate to an America which emulated religious and civil liberty. Loyalists wrote back, defending the Established Church and attacking the ‘Welsh Jacobins’ whom they blamed for turning the common people into Dissenters, and for the rioting and the public disturbances which shook many parts of Wales throughout the 1790s and early 1800s. A Welsh Treason Trial pamphlet voiced the complaints of the two Dissenters accused of conspiring with the French forces who landed at Fishguard in February 1797. At times, both radical and loyalist writers turned against the Methodist ‘jumpers’, whom the first saw as a disgrace to Dissent, while the latter feared that they were undermining church and state.

  Political Pamphlets and...  

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Pa fodd bynnag am hyn, cyhoeddwyd dros ddeg ar hugain o bamffledi a phregethau gwleidyddol eu naws gan awduron Cymreig yn sgil y Chwyldro Ffrengig. Ynddynt, ymosododd radicaliaid yn eofn ar seiliau’r frenhiniaeth ym Mhrydain ac ar yr egwyddor o gynnal Eglwys Sefydledig.

Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren

However, over thirty political pamphlets and sermons by Welsh authors were published in the wake of the French Revolution. Radical texts boldly attacked the very institution of the monarchy and the principle of establishing a church. They refuted the state’s political misuse of Christian practices, such as fasting, to support the British war against the French Republic and exhorted their compatriots to emigrate to an America which emulated religious and civil liberty. Loyalists wrote back, defending the Established Church and attacking the ‘Welsh Jacobins’ whom they blamed for turning the common people into Dissenters, and for the rioting and the public disturbances which shook many parts of Wales throughout the 1790s and early 1800s. A Welsh Treason Trial pamphlet voiced the complaints of the two Dissenters accused of conspiring with the French forces who landed at Fishguard in February 1797. At times, both radical and loyalist writers turned against the Methodist ‘jumpers’, whom the first saw as a disgrace to Dissent, while the latter feared that they were undermining church and state.

  Political Pamphlets and...  

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Pa fodd bynnag am hyn, cyhoeddwyd dros ddeg ar hugain o bamffledi a phregethau gwleidyddol eu naws gan awduron Cymreig yn sgil y Chwyldro Ffrengig. Ynddynt, ymosododd radicaliaid yn eofn ar seiliau’r frenhiniaeth ym Mhrydain ac ar yr egwyddor o gynnal Eglwys Sefydledig.

Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren

However, over thirty political pamphlets and sermons by Welsh authors were published in the wake of the French Revolution. Radical texts boldly attacked the very institution of the monarchy and the principle of establishing a church. They refuted the state’s political misuse of Christian practices, such as fasting, to support the British war against the French Republic and exhorted their compatriots to emigrate to an America which emulated religious and civil liberty. Loyalists wrote back, defending the Established Church and attacking the ‘Welsh Jacobins’ whom they blamed for turning the common people into Dissenters, and for the rioting and the public disturbances which shook many parts of Wales throughout the 1790s and early 1800s. A Welsh Treason Trial pamphlet voiced the complaints of the two Dissenters accused of conspiring with the French forces who landed at Fishguard in February 1797. At times, both radical and loyalist writers turned against the Methodist ‘jumpers’, whom the first saw as a disgrace to Dissent, while the latter feared that they were undermining church and state.

  Mary-Ann Constantine C...  

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Prif ddiddordeb ymchwil Mary-Ann yw awduron y cyfnod Rhamantaidd a’u llenyddiaeth, a’r cysylltiadau rhwng ffurfiau llenyddol ‘uchel’ ac ‘isel’. Hyd yn hyn y mae wedi canolbwyntio ar sut y trawsffurfiwyd cynnyrch y werin bobl, megis baledi llafar Llydaw, gan gasglwyr a golygyddion ar gyfer cynulleidfa newydd o ddarllenwyr Rhamantaidd.

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Mary-Ann Constantine took her first degree in English Literature at Clare College, Cambridge (1988–91), and stayed on to do a Ph.D in Breton folklore. She moved to Aberystwyth in 1995 and held a succession of Research Fellowships in the Welsh Department, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. During this period she taught various topics in Welsh and Celtic Studies, and continued her work on the ballad tradition in Brittany. She joined the Iolo Morganwg project as leader in March 2002.

  Dr Heather Williams Cy...  

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Ymunodd Heather Williams â staff y Ganolfan yn 2007 fel Cymrawd Hŷn Pilcher. Ar hyn o bryd y mae’n gweithio ar brosiect Cymru a’r Chwyldro Ffrengig , gan ganolbwyntio ar gyfieithu. Y mae hyn yn caniatáu iddi gyfuno ei phrofiad o lenyddiaeth Ffrangeg gydag Astudiaethau Celtaidd.

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Heather Williams joined the Centre in 2007 as Pilcher Senior Fellow. Her work on the French Revolution allows her to combine her experience in French literature with Celtic Studies. After graduating in Modern Languages (French) from St Hilda’s College, University of Oxford, she completed her D.Phil. there on Stéphane Mallarmé, and then went on to hold posts at the Universities of Nottingham, Oxford and Aberystwyth.

  Welsh Responses Cymru ...  

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Yn bwysicaf oll, sefydlwyd cylchgronau radicalaidd Cymraeg gan dri ymneilltuwr Cymreig rhwng 1793 a 1796. Anelai golygyddion y Cylch-grawn Cynmraeg, Y Drysorfa Gymmysgedig ac Y Geirgrawn at oleuo ac addysgu eu cyd-wladwyr yn eu mamiaith.

Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren

Last not least, the French Revolution jolted three prominent Welsh Dissenters into establishing radical periodicals in the Welsh language between 1793 and 1796. Cylch-grawn Cynmraeg, Y Drysorfa Gymmysgedig and Y Geirgrawn were Enlightenment efforts to educate the Welsh people. They publicly discussed burning political and religious matters, they published Welsh translations of radical writers, such as Joseph Priestley and Benjamin Franklin, and they printed radical Welsh poetry. Though short-lived they were avidly read when they appeared. Copies were treasured and secretly kept circulated in Welsh radical circles for decades.

  Welsh Ballads of the Fr...  

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Y mae ysgolheigion sy’n gweithio ar ymateb Prydain i’r Chwyldro yn dangos diddordeb cynyddol mewn archwilio cynnwys baledi a chaneuon. Ystyrir baledi yn enwedig fel ffynonellau hanfodol bwysig, gan eu bod yn aml yn cynrychioli ymwybyddiaeth pobl gyffredin o ddatblygiadau’r cyfnod.

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Scholars working on the British response to the Revolution have showed increasing interest in exploring the contents of ballads and songs. The ballad in particular is seen as a vital source of information, since it represents ordinary people’s awareness of the developments of the period. Balladry is also subject to continued research within Welsh scholarship, and this volume, with its focus on a clearly defined historical period and its revelation of new voices within the canon of Welsh ballad writers, will drive this field of study forwards.

  Welsh Ballads of the Fr...  

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Bydd y gyfrol hon, gyda’i chyfieithiadau i’r Saesneg, ei nodiadau a’i rhagarweiniad helaeth, yn sicrhau bod y faled fel genre llenyddol a Chymru fel gwlad yn cael y sylw y maent yn eu haeddu gan ddarllenwyr lleyg ac ysgolheigion fel ei gilydd.

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Regional reactions to the Revolution within the British Isles are also now seen as crucially important, but Wales, partly because of the inaccessibility of material composed in the Welsh language, has repeatedly been omitted from the general picture. This volume aids in rectifying this situation, ensuring (by use of translation, copious contextualizing notes, and a lengthy introduction) that both the ballad genre and Welsh reactions receive the attention they deserve from lay readers and scholars alike.

  Welsh Responses Cymru ...  

Text zeigenZeige Ausgangstext im CacheURL mit Ausgangstext zeigen	Ni lwyddwyd i sefydlu papur newydd yng Nghymru nes yr ymddangosodd y Cambrian yn Abertawe ym 1804, ond dengys y detholiad hwn sut y derbyniodd y Cymry’r newyddion drwy’r cyfnodolion a fodolai ar y pryd, a sut y lleisient farn ynddynt, gan brotestio a thrafod cysyniadau gwleidyddol a diwylliannol newydd.
Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren	Wales had no newspaper of its own until the Swansea Cambrian was founded in 1804, but this anthology demonstrates how the Welsh used the serial literature available to them to receive the news, voice opinions and protests, and discuss new political and cultural concepts, thus participating in the British public discourse in their own, characteristically bilingual way.

  Welsh Responses Cymru ...  

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Datgela’r testunau sut y defnyddid y papurau newydd i apelio at deyrngarwch yr ‘ancient Britons’ i amddiffyn Prydain, ac i atgyfnerthu awdurdod y wladwriaeth yn erbyn terfysgwyr a chynhyrfwyr. Eto i gyd, dysgir hefyd sut yr ymatebodd radicaliaid Cymru gan feirniadu’r un wladwriaeth Brydeinig a’i heglwys.

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The texts in this collection reveal how newspapers were used to call the loyal ‘ancient Britons’ to arms and to reinforce state authority against rioters and agitators, but also how Welsh radicals reacted by attempting to enlighten their compatriots and criticize state and established church. It does not present a ready history of a revolutionary, a loyalist or a patriotic Wales, but attempts to let the writers of Wales speak through their own texts.

  Political Pamphlets and...  

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Roedd ysgrifennu a chyhoeddi pamffledi’n rhan bwysig o’r ddisgwrs wleidyddol a agorwyd gan y Chwyldro Ffrengig ym 1789. Mae rhyfeloedd y pamffledwyr Saesneg eu hiaith – teyrngarwyr a radicaliaid, Torïaid a Chwigiaid megis Richard Price, Edmwnd Burke, Thomas Paine and Hannah Moore – yn hysbys, ond esgeuluswyd ystyried y pamffledi a’r pregethau gwleidyddol a gyhoeddwyd gan Gymry, yn rhannol am fod llawer ohonynt yn y Gymraeg.

Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren

Pamphleteering was a vital component of the popular political discussion opened up by the French Revolution of 1789. The English pamphlet wars between loyalists and radicals, Tories and Whigs, Richard Price, Edmund Burke, Thomas Paine and Hannah Moore, are well- analysed, but the political pamphlets and sermons published in the Welsh context have been neglected, partly because many of them were in Welsh.

  Welsh Responses Cymru ...  

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Yn bwysicaf oll, sefydlwyd cylchgronau radicalaidd Cymraeg gan dri ymneilltuwr Cymreig rhwng 1793 a 1796. Anelai golygyddion y Cylch-grawn Cynmraeg, Y Drysorfa Gymmysgedig ac Y Geirgrawn at oleuo ac addysgu eu cyd-wladwyr yn eu mamiaith.

Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren

Last not least, the French Revolution jolted three prominent Welsh Dissenters into establishing radical periodicals in the Welsh language between 1793 and 1796. Cylch-grawn Cynmraeg, Y Drysorfa Gymmysgedig and Y Geirgrawn were Enlightenment efforts to educate the Welsh people. They publicly discussed burning political and religious matters, they published Welsh translations of radical writers, such as Joseph Priestley and Benjamin Franklin, and they printed radical Welsh poetry. Though short-lived they were avidly read when they appeared. Copies were treasured and secretly kept circulated in Welsh radical circles for decades.

  Dr Ffion Mair Jones Cy...  

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Yn fwy diweddar, bu Ffion yn gweithio ar ymatebion Cymreig i'r Chwyldro Ffrengig, gan ganolbwyntio'i sylw ar y baledi Cymraeg a gyhoeddwyd rhwng blynyddoedd cynnar y Chwyldro a diwedd y rhyfeloedd Napoleonaidd.

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More recently, Ffion has been working on Welsh responses to the French Revolution, focusing on the Welsh-language ballads produced between the early years of the Revolution and the end of the Napoleonic wars. A selection of these ballads will be published shortly, under the title Welsh Ballads of the French Revolution 1793-1815. Ffion is now preparing an edition of a Welsh interlude on the Revolution, composed by Huw Jones, Glan Conwy.

  Translating the French ...  

Text zeigenZeige Ausgangstext im CacheURL mit Ausgangstext zeigen	Bydd y gyfrol hon yn cyflwyno detholiad o destunau allweddol a fydd yn arddangos y technegau a’r strategaethau cyfieithu a fabwysiadwyd gan unigolion neu grwpiau o awduron. Mae’r rhain yn amrywio o gyfieithu gair-am-air i addasiadau rhydd, ond yn tueddu i gartrefoli’r gwreiddiol er mwyn hwyluso derbyniad y cysyniadau newydd gan y gynulleidfa.
Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren	This volume will present a selection of key passages demonstrating the translation techniques and strategies adopted by individuals and groups of authors. These ranged from literal translation to free adaptation, but tended to follow a domesticating approach which would enable the target audience to digest the new concepts more easily.

  Dr Heather Williams Cy...  

Text zeigenZeige Ausgangstext im CacheURL mit Ausgangstext zeigen	A ysbrydolwyd y tirlun hwn gan Rousseau?
Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren	Is this a Rousseau inspired landscape?

  Cymru a'r Chwyldro Ffre...  

Text zeigenZeige Ausgangstext im CacheURL mit Ausgangstext zeigen	gan Anonymous / Dienw
Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren	For the Chester Chronicle

  Cymru a'r Chwyldro Ffre...  

Text zeigenZeige Ausgangstext im CacheURL mit Ausgangstext zeigen	gan David Samwell (Dafydd Ddu Feddyg; 1751-98)
Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren	by David Samwell (Dafydd Ddu Feddyg; 1751-98)

  Pamffled prawf Cymru a...  

Text zeigenZeige Ausgangstext im CacheURL mit Ausgangstext zeigen	gan Person, Test
Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren	by Person, Test

  Welsh Ballads of the Fr...  

Text zeigenZeige Ausgangstext im CacheURL mit Ausgangstext zeigen	Welsh Ballads of the French Revolution 1793-1815 gan Ffion Mair Jones £24.99, CM 9780708324615, 234x156 mm, 464tud 4 darlun a sgoriau cerddoriaeth. Rhyddheir Chwefror 2012.
Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren	Welsh Ballads of the French Revolution 1793-1815 by Ffion Mair Jones £24.99, PB 9780708324615, 234x156 mm, 464 pp, 4 illustrations plus Music scores. Published February 2012.

  Background to the Proje...  

Text zeigenZeige Ausgangstext im CacheURL mit Ausgangstext zeigen	Dyluniwyd y wefan gan Martin Crampin Datblygiad a hostio'r wefan gan Technoleg Taliesin Cyf.
Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren	Website design by Martin Crampin Website development and hosting by Technoleg Taliesin Cyf.

  Translating the French ...  

Text zeigenZeige Ausgangstext im CacheURL mit Ausgangstext zeigen	Bydd y gyfrol hon yn cyflwyno detholiad o destunau allweddol a fydd yn arddangos y technegau a’r strategaethau cyfieithu a fabwysiadwyd gan unigolion neu grwpiau o awduron. Mae’r rhain yn amrywio o gyfieithu gair-am-air i addasiadau rhydd, ond yn tueddu i gartrefoli’r gwreiddiol er mwyn hwyluso derbyniad y cysyniadau newydd gan y gynulleidfa.
Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren	This volume will present a selection of key passages demonstrating the translation techniques and strategies adopted by individuals and groups of authors. These ranged from literal translation to free adaptation, but tended to follow a domesticating approach which would enable the target audience to digest the new concepts more easily.

  Political Pamphlets and...  

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Roedd ysgrifennu a chyhoeddi pamffledi’n rhan bwysig o’r ddisgwrs wleidyddol a agorwyd gan y Chwyldro Ffrengig ym 1789. Mae rhyfeloedd y pamffledwyr Saesneg eu hiaith – teyrngarwyr a radicaliaid, Torïaid a Chwigiaid megis Richard Price, Edmwnd Burke, Thomas Paine and Hannah Moore – yn hysbys, ond esgeuluswyd ystyried y pamffledi a’r pregethau gwleidyddol a gyhoeddwyd gan Gymry, yn rhannol am fod llawer ohonynt yn y Gymraeg.

Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren

Pamphleteering was a vital component of the popular political discussion opened up by the French Revolution of 1789. The English pamphlet wars between loyalists and radicals, Tories and Whigs, Richard Price, Edmund Burke, Thomas Paine and Hannah Moore, are well- analysed, but the political pamphlets and sermons published in the Welsh context have been neglected, partly because many of them were in Welsh.

  Mary-Ann Constantine C...  

Text zeigenZeige Ausgangstext im CacheURL mit Ausgangstext zeigen	Cyhoeddwyd The Breathing, sef casgliad o straeon byrion gan Mary-Ann Constantine, gan Planet ym mis Tachwedd 2008.
Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren	The Breathing, a collection of short stories by Mary-Ann Constantine, was published by Planet in November 2008.

  Cymru a'r Chwyldro Ffre...  

Text zeigenZeige Ausgangstext im CacheURL mit Ausgangstext zeigen	gan Edward Williams (Iolo Morganwg; 1747–1827)
Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren	Tri Dyn a fynnant fyw ar eiddo arall Brenin offeiriad a lleidr

  Mary-Ann Constantine C...  

Text zeigenZeige Ausgangstext im CacheURL mit Ausgangstext zeigen	Cyhoeddwyd The Breathing, sef casgliad o straeon byrion gan Mary-Ann Constantine, gan Planet ym mis Tachwedd 2008.
Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren	The Breathing, a collection of short stories by Mary-Ann Constantine, was published by Planet in November 2008.

  Lleoli Chwyldro Cymru ...  

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Sut daeth bwrlwm yr oes yn Ewrop i’r amlwg ar lawr gwlad? Sut oedd teyrngarwch cymdeithasol, crefyddol a gwleidyddol yn cael ei gyflyru gan dirweddau ac amgylcheddau penodol? Sut mae mesur teyrngarwch a gwrthsafiad mewn cymunedau gwledig, rhanbarthol, trefol a metropolitaidd penodol?

Textseiten vergleichenHTM-Seiten vergleichenURL mit Ausgangstext zeigenURL mit Zielsprache zeigenfrenchrevolution.wales.ac.uk als Prioritätsdomäne definieren

The conference explored the relation between geography (considered as place, landscape, cartography and real and imagined space) and change during the period of the revolutionary wars. In what local, localised forms did the European upheavals of the age manifest themselves? How were social, religious and political loyalties conditioned by particular landscapes and environments? What were the coordinates of loyalism and opposition in particular rural, regional, urban and metropolitan communities? The conference seeks to place ‘history’ in specific locations, mapping connections across Europe, the Atlantic, and the wider world. It also sets out to consider the dramatic material forms that Romanticism, revolution and reaction took at this time.

  Political Pamphlets and...  

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Pa fodd bynnag am hyn, cyhoeddwyd dros ddeg ar hugain o bamffledi a phregethau gwleidyddol eu naws gan awduron Cymreig yn sgil y Chwyldro Ffrengig. Ynddynt, ymosododd radicaliaid yn eofn ar seiliau’r frenhiniaeth ym Mhrydain ac ar yr egwyddor o gynnal Eglwys Sefydledig.

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However, over thirty political pamphlets and sermons by Welsh authors were published in the wake of the French Revolution. Radical texts boldly attacked the very institution of the monarchy and the principle of establishing a church. They refuted the state’s political misuse of Christian practices, such as fasting, to support the British war against the French Republic and exhorted their compatriots to emigrate to an America which emulated religious and civil liberty. Loyalists wrote back, defending the Established Church and attacking the ‘Welsh Jacobins’ whom they blamed for turning the common people into Dissenters, and for the rioting and the public disturbances which shook many parts of Wales throughout the 1790s and early 1800s. A Welsh Treason Trial pamphlet voiced the complaints of the two Dissenters accused of conspiring with the French forces who landed at Fishguard in February 1797. At times, both radical and loyalist writers turned against the Methodist ‘jumpers’, whom the first saw as a disgrace to Dissent, while the latter feared that they were undermining church and state.