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Tontafelarchiv aus einem Tempel, Inhalt: Verwaltungsfragen, 6. Jh. v. Chr. © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Clay tablet archive from a temple, Content: administrative issues, 6th century BC © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Berühmt ist der altbabylonische Herrscher Hammurapi (1810-1750 v. Chr.) als "König der Gerechtigkeit" durch eine der ältesten vollständig erhaltenen Rechtssammlungen seines Großreiches an Euphrat und Tigris.
The ancient Babylonian King Hammurabi (1810-1750 B.C.) is remembered as the "King of Justice" on account of the oldest surviving collection of legal documents ever found that stem from his mighty kingdom on the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris.
  Roads of Arabia: Highli...  
"Augen-Stele", 5. - 4. Jh. v. Chr., Sandstein, H: 72 cm, B: 26 cm, T: 15 cm, Fundort: Tayma
Funerary stele, 5th - 4th centuries BC, Sandstone, 26 x 15 x 72 cm, Tayma
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Erbteilungsurkunde, Ankauf, Sippar, Zeit Sin-muballits (1813-1793 v. Chr.), Gebrannter Ton, © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Settlement of an estate among heirs, new acquisition, Sippar, from the time of Sin-muballit (1813-1793 BC), burnt clay, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  Anders zur Welt kommen:...  
Historisch gesehen, lässt sich die Praxis der Verschleierung von Frauen weit in vorislamische Zeit zurückverfolgen. Sicher ist, dass in Mesopotamien zur Zeit der Assyrer (ca. 1800-600 v. Chr.) angesehene Frauen ihr Haupt in der Öffentlichkeit bedeckten.
Hidden behind the generic term "veil" are very different kinds of cloth that are attributed to a Muslim woman's attire. Headscarves and shawls covering the hair and occasionally also the neck, chest, and shoulders belong to it as well as facial veils or large-sized cloth hiding the female body. From a historic perspective the practice of the veiling of women can be retraced far into pre-Islamic times. It is certain that in Mesopotamia at the times of the Assyrians (about 1800 - 600 B.C.) reputable women covered their heads in public. The veil was a sign of respectability and of a high social status. Representations of women from the Hittite empire (about 1600 - 700 B.C.) prove the use of a cloak-like head wrapreaching down to the ankles. Similarly the Greeks and the Byzantines both knew veiling and the separationof sexes - societal practices probably spreading to Egypt around the 3rd century B.C. So it was not the religion of Islam which introduced the practice of veiling. In the Quran two Suras refer to the behaviour and clothing of women; both can be interpreted very differently depending on one's perspective.
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Ischtar-Tor, Detail: schreitender Stier, Babylon, 6. Jh. v. Chr. Tonziegel, gebrannt und farbig glasiert © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Maximilian Meisse
Ishtar Gate, Detail: Striding bull, Babylon, 6th century BC, clay tiles, baked and glazed in various colours © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Photo: Maximilian Meisse
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Die Ausgrabungsstätte Madain Salih ist ein einzigartiges Zeugnis der nabatäischen Kultur, die sich über 700 Jahre - etwa von 600 v. Chr. bis 120 n.Chr. - entwickelte. Ein außer-gewöhnliches System der Wasser-speicherung und -versorgung bildete die Grundlage für eine effektive Landwirtschaft, die den Reichtum der Handelsmetropole sicherte.
The excavation site of Madain Salih presents unique evidence of the Nabatean culture that developed over 700 years - from about 600 BC to 120 AD. An extraordinary system for water storage and supply formed the foundation for an effective agriculture which assured the wealth of the trade metropolis. Not only the well known monumental tombs, which have been carved from rock, but also numerous excavation pieces from everyday life, art and architecture bear witness of the fascinating culture of the Nabateans.
  Roads of Arabia: Highli...  
al-Hamra Stele, ca. 4. Jh. v.Chr., Sandstein, H: 102 cm, B: 45 cm, T: 16 cm, Fundort: Tayma
al-Hamra stele, ca. 4th century BC, Sandstone, H: 102 cm, B: 45 cm, T: 16 cm, locality: Tayma’
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Hier wurden die ältesten Mauerreste Saudi-Arabiens gefunden, die aus der Mitte des 2. Jt. v. Chr. stammen. Für die Midianiter, die etwa um 1500 v. Chr. in die Gegend kamen und Nordarabien beherrschten, war der Handel ein wichtiger Faktor ihrer Autorität und ihres wachsenden Reichtums.
The oasis town Tayma is located in the north-west of the Arabian Peninsula at the intersection of old trade routes. The oldest wall remains in Saudi Arabia, which originate from the middle of the 2nd millennium BC have been found here. Trade was an important factor of authority and increasing wealth for the Midianites, who came to the area in 1500 BC and controlled Northern Arabia. An important event in the history of Tayma was the construction of a new residence for the Babylonian King Nabonid (555 - 539 BC) who was forced to escape Babylon during the last years of his governance.
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Prozessionsstraße, Detail: schreitender Löwe, Babylon, 6. Jh. v. Chr., Tonziegel, gebrannt und farbig glasiert © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Foto: Maximilian Meisse
Processional Way, Detail: Striding lion, Babylon, 6th century BC, clay tiles, baked and glazed in various colours © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Photo: Maximilian Meisse
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Reich verzierter Krug aus Babylon, 7. Jh. v. Chr. © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Richly decorated Babylonian jug, 7th century BC © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Landschenkungsurkunde aus Stein, über und über verziert mit göttlichen Symbolen, 14.-13. Jh. v. Chr. © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Deed of land donation made of stone, decorated all over with divine symbols, 14th to 13th centuries BC © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
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Greifen-Protome, Samos, um 640-630 v. Chr., Bronze, in Hohlgusstechnik hergestellt, © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Griffin protome, Samos, around 640-630 BC, bronze, produced using hollow casting technique, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
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Zepter, Babylon, Tell Amran ibn Ali (sog. Schatzfund), 6. Jh. v. Chr., Onyx, © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Sceptre, Babylon, Tell Amran ibn-Ali (termed 'treasure trove'), 6th century BC, onyx, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
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Dachziegel mit Giebelabschluss und Palmette, Babylon, Babil, Palast, seleukidisch, 3.-2. Jh. v. Chr., Keramik, © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Vorderasiatisches Museum
Roof tile with gable end and palmette, Babylon, Babil, palace, Seleucid, 3rd-2nd century BC, ceramic, © National Museums in Berlin, Museum of the Ancient Near East
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Kopf eines Mannes, 1. Jh. v. Chr. – 2. Jh. n. Chr., Gegossene Bronze, H: 40 cm, Qaryat al-Faw
Head of a man, 1st century BC – 2nd century AD, Cast bronze, H: 40 cm, locality: Qaryat al-Faw
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Quadratischer Ziegel mit Inschriftstempel, Babylon, Zeit Nebukadnezars II. (605-562 v. Chr.), Gebrannter Ton, © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Vorderasiatisches Museum
Square brick with stamped inscription, Babylon, from the time of Nebuchadnezzar II (605- 562 BC), burnt clay, © National Museums in Berlin, Museum of the Ancient Near East
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Mittelassyrische Gesetze, Assur, 12. Jh. v. Chr., Gebrannter Ton, © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Middle Assyrian laws, Assur, 12th century BC, burnt clay, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  Roads of Arabia: Highli...  
Kopf eines Mannes, 1. Jh. v. Chr. – 2. Jh. n. Chr., Gegossene Bronze, H: 40 cm, Qaryat al-Faw
Head of a man, 1st century BC – 2nd century AD, Cast bronze, H: 40 cm, locality: Qaryat al-Faw
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Bronzener Fisch mit Orakelinschrift von Nebukadnezar II., Babylon, 592 v. Chr., 8,2 x 2,5 cm; © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Bronze fish with an oracle inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II, Babylon, 592 BC, 8.2 x 2.5 cm; © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; Photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  Roads of Arabia: » Videos  
Hier wurden die ältesten Mauerreste Saudi-Arabiens gefunden, die aus der Mitte des 2. Jt. v. Chr. stammen. Für die Midianiter, die etwa um 1500 v. Chr. in die Gegend kamen und Nordarabien beherrschten, war der Handel ein wichtiger Faktor ihrer Autorität und ihres wachsenden Reichtums.
The oasis town Tayma is located in the north-west of the Arabian Peninsula at the intersection of old trade routes. The oldest wall remains in Saudi Arabia, which originate from the middle of the 2nd millennium BC have been found here. Trade was an important factor of authority and increasing wealth for the Midianites, who came to the area in 1500 BC and controlled Northern Arabia. An important event in the history of Tayma was the construction of a new residence for the Babylonian King Nabonid (555 - 539 BC) who was forced to escape Babylon during the last years of his governance.
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Zodiakalkalender des Sternzeichens Löwe, Uruk, seleukidisch, Anfang 2. Jh. v. Chr., Gebrannter Ton, © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Zodiac calendar for Leo, Uruk, Seleucid, beginning of 2nd century BC, burnt clay, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Der Wettergott Adad, auf einem Rollsiegel aus kostbarem Lapislazuli dargestellt 9. Jh. v. Chr. © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
The weather god Adad, depicted on a cylinder seal made from precious lapis lazuli, 9th century BC © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  Roads of Arabia: Highli...  
Statue eines Mannes, 4. – 3. Jh. v. Chr., roter Sandstein, H: 230, B: 83 cm, Fundort: al-’Ula
Statue of a man, 4th–3rd century BC, red sandstone, H: 230, B: 83 cm, locality: al-’Ula
  Anders zur Welt kommen:...  
Historisch gesehen, lässt sich die Praxis der Verschleierung von Frauen weit in vorislamische Zeit zurückverfolgen. Sicher ist, dass in Mesopotamien zur Zeit der Assyrer (ca. 1800-600 v. Chr.) angesehene Frauen ihr Haupt in der Öffentlichkeit bedeckten.
Hidden behind the generic term "veil" are very different kinds of cloth that are attributed to a Muslim woman's attire. Headscarves and shawls covering the hair and occasionally also the neck, chest, and shoulders belong to it as well as facial veils or large-sized cloth hiding the female body. From a historic perspective the practice of the veiling of women can be retraced far into pre-Islamic times. It is certain that in Mesopotamia at the times of the Assyrians (about 1800 - 600 B.C.) reputable women covered their heads in public. The veil was a sign of respectability and of a high social status. Representations of women from the Hittite empire (about 1600 - 700 B.C.) prove the use of a cloak-like head wrapreaching down to the ankles. Similarly the Greeks and the Byzantines both knew veiling and the separationof sexes - societal practices probably spreading to Egypt around the 3rd century B.C. So it was not the religion of Islam which introduced the practice of veiling. In the Quran two Suras refer to the behaviour and clothing of women; both can be interpreted very differently depending on one's perspective.
  Roads of Arabia: Highli...  
Unter dem Gesicht ist häufig eine aramäische Inschrift mit Namen und Abstammung des Toten angebracht, sie erlaubt eine Datierung der Stelen in das 5. - 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. Andere Stelen zeigen nur ein Augenpaar.
“Eye stelae” are funerary monuments of deceased persons, whose characterising feature is a stylised human face. Often an Aramaic inscription with the name and origin of the deceased is located below the face. This enables the dating of the stelae to the 5th/4th century BC. Other stelae display merely two eyes.
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Ischtar-Tor, Babylon, 6. Jh. v. Chr., Frontalansicht, Tonziegel, gebrannt und farbig glasiert © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Maximilian Meisse
Ishtar Gate, Frontal view, Babylon, 6th century BC, clay tiles, baked and glazed in various colours © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Photo: Maximilian Meisse
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Hier wurden die ältesten Mauerreste Saudi-Arabiens gefunden, die aus der Mitte des 2. Jt. v. Chr. stammen. Für die Midianiter, die etwa um 1500 v. Chr. in die Gegend kamen und Nordarabien beherrschten, war der Handel ein wichtiger Faktor ihrer Autorität und ihres wachsenden Reichtums.
The oasis town Tayma is located in the north-west of the Arabian Peninsula at the intersection of old trade routes. The oldest wall remains in Saudi Arabia, which originate from the middle of the 2nd millennium BC have been found here. Trade was an important factor of authority and increasing wealth for the Midianites, who came to the area in 1500 BC and controlled Northern Arabia. An important event in the history of Tayma was the construction of a new residence for the Babylonian King Nabonid (555 - 539 BC) who was forced to escape Babylon during the last years of his governance.
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Terrakottarelief: Erotische Szene eines Paares, 18.-17. Jh. v. Chr. © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Terracotta relief, Erotic scene with a couple, 18th to 17th centuries BC © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
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Qaryat al-Faw war die erste Grabungsstätte. Hier wurden einzigartige Zeugnisse einer reichen und komplexen Zivilisation aus der Zeit vom Ende des 4. Jh. v. Chr. bis zum Anfang des 4. Jh. n. Chr. gefunden.
Since the early 1970s Saudi universities and the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities explore the archaeological heritage of Saudi Arabia in cooperation with international colleagues. Qaryat al-Faw has been the first excavation site. Unique evidence of a wealthy and complex civilisation (from 4th century BC to early 4th century AD) has been found here. Qaryat al-Faw was the first capital city of the Kindah Kingdom.
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Bibel mit mikrographischen Schmuckelementen, Erfurt, Ende 13. Jh. n. Chr., Einband 16. Jh. n. Chr., Pergament, © Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Orientabteilung
Bible with micrographic decorative elements, Erfurt, end of 13th century AD, cover 16th century AD, parchment, © Berlin State Library, Oriental Department
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Schriftplatte, ca. 3. - 2. Jh. v. Chr., Bronze, B: 17,5 cm, H: 15,5 cm, Qaryat al-Faw
Plaque, ca. 3rd–2nd century BC, Bronze, B: 17.5 cm, H: 15.5 cm, locality: Qaryat al-Faw
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Löwe von der Prozessionsstraße zu Babylon (Detail), 6. Jh. v. Chr. © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Lion in the Processional Way of Babylon (Detail), 6th century BC © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
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Detail des Urkundensteins des Königs Marduk-apla-iddina II. (722-710 v. Chr.) Ankauf, 715 v. Chr., Marmor, © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Detail from the stone deeds of King Marduk-apla-iddina II (722-710 BC), new acquisition, 715 BC, marble, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Bibel mit mikrographischen Schmuckelementen, Erfurt, Ende 13. Jh. n. Chr., Einband 16. Jh. n. Chr., Pergament, © Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Orientabteilung
Bible with micrographic decorative elements, Erfurt, end of 13th century AD, cover 16th century AD, parchment, © Berlin State Library, Oriental Department
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Rollsiegel des Kidin-Marduk, hoher Beamter des Königs Burnaburiasch II. (1359-1333 v. Chr.), Ankauf, 14. Jh. v. Chr. , Achat, © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Cylinder seal belonging to Kidin-Marduk, high official to King Burnaburiash II (1359-1333 BC), new acquisition, 14th century BC, agate, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Heisterbacher Bibel, Köln, um 1240, Buchmalerei, 36 x 24,5 cm (Blattmaß), fol. 336 v. : Die Zerstörung Jerusalems im Jahre 586 v. Chr. , Staatsbibliothek Berlin © Bildarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Foto: Ruth Schacht
Heisterbach Bible, Cologne, around 1240, illumination, 36 x 24.5 cm (paper), fol. 336 v.: The destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC, Staatsbibliothek Berlin © Bildarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Photo: Ruth Schacht
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Keulenkopf des Prinzen Ulaburariasch, Babylon, Tell Amran ibn Ali (sog. Schatzfund), 2. H. 16. Jh. v. Chr. , Serpentin oder Diorit und Keulenkopf, Babylon, Tell Amran ibn Ali (sog. Schatzfund), 6. Jh.
Mace-head of Prince Ulaburariash, Babylon, Tell Amran ibn-Ali ('treasure trove'), 2nd half of 16th century BC, serpentine or diorite and mace-head, Babylon, Tell Amran ibn-Ali ('treasure trove'), 6th century BC, onyx, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
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Keulenkopf des Prinzen Ulaburariasch, Babylon, Tell Amran ibn Ali (sog. Schatzfund), 2. H. 16. Jh. v. Chr. , Serpentin oder Diorit und Keulenkopf, Babylon, Tell Amran ibn Ali (sog. Schatzfund), 6. Jh.
Mace-head of Prince Ulaburariash, Babylon, Tell Amran ibn-Ali ('treasure trove'), 2nd half of 16th century BC, serpentine or diorite and mace-head, Babylon, Tell Amran ibn-Ali ('treasure trove'), 6th century BC, onyx, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Figurine eines Gottes mit einem Aryballos in den Händen, 18.-17. Jh. v. Chr. © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Figurine of a god holding an aryballos, 18th to 17th century BC © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Fassade des Thronsaals, Detail: Palmen, Thronsaal von Nebukadnezar II. - Nordfassade, Babylon, 6. Jh. v. Chr. , Tonziegel, gebrannt und farbig glasiert © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Maximilian Meisse
Façade of the Throne Room, Detail: Palm trees, Throne Room of Nebuchadnezzar II Northern façade, Babylon, 6th century BC, clay tiles, baked and glazed in various colours © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Photo: Maximilian Meisse
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Spielbrett, Babylon, Tell Amran ibn Ali (sog. Schatzfund), 1. H. 1. Jt. v. Chr. Bergkristall, © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Board for a board game, Babylon, Tell Amran ibn-Ali ('treasure trove'), 1st half of 1st millennium BC, rock crystal, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Detail des Urkundensteins des Königs Marduk-apla-iddina II. (722-710 v. Chr.) Ankauf, 715 v. Chr., Marmor, © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Detail from the stone deeds of King Marduk-apla-iddina II (722-710 BC), new acquisition, 715 BC, marble, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Kopf einer Statue des Puzur-Ischtar von Mari, Ankauf, um 1950 v. Chr., Diorit, © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Head of a statue of Puzur-Ishtar of Mari, new aquisition, from around 1950 BC, diorite, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
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Rollsiegel des Kidin-Marduk, hoher Beamter des Königs Burnaburiasch II. (1359-1333 v. Chr.), Ankauf, 14. Jh. v. Chr. , Achat, © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Cylinder seal belonging to Kidin-Marduk, high official to King Burnaburiash II (1359-1333 BC), new acquisition, 14th century BC, agate, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Diplomatische Korrespondenz zwischen dem babylonischen König Burnaburiasch II. (1359-1333 v. Chr.) und dem ägyptischen Pharao, Ankauf, Tell el-Amarna (Ägypten), mittelbabylonisch (kassitisch), 14. Jh.
Diplomatic correspondence between the Babylonian King Burnaburiash II. (1359-1333 BC) and the Egyptian Pharaoh, new acquisition, Tell el-Amarna (Egypt), Middle Babylonian (Kassite period), 14th century BC, burnt clay, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Diplomatische Korrespondenz zwischen dem babylonischen König Burnaburiasch II. (1359-1333 v. Chr.) und dem ägyptischen Pharao, Ankauf, Tell el-Amarna (Ägypten), mittelbabylonisch (kassitisch), 14. Jh.
Diplomatic correspondence between the Babylonian King Burnaburiash II. (1359-1333 BC) and the Egyptian Pharaoh, new acquisition, Tell el-Amarna (Egypt), Middle Babylonian (Kassite period), 14th century BC, burnt clay, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  Roads of Arabia: Highli...  
Auch in Tayma' wurden einige dieser Grabstelen entdeckt. Sie lagen jedoch nicht mehr an ihrem ursprünglichen Platz, sondern in Gräbern des späten 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr. , in denen sie, offenbar in nachträglicher Verwendung, als Abdeckplatten benutzt wurden.
Some of these grave stones were discovered in Tayma as well. They did not lie in their original location, but instead in graves of the late 1st millennium BC, where they were used secondarily to cover the tombs. These stelae are the hitherto sole group of objects that document the artistic influence of South Arabia upon the northwest of the Arabian Peninsula.
  SCHAHNAME  
Das von dem persischen Dichter Abu l-Qasem Ferdausi (940/41 - 1020 n. Chr.) verfasste Epos Schahname ("Königsbuch") erzählt in 62 Sagen mit über 50.000 Versen die gesamte Geschichte der alten Könige von Iran - beginnend vom antiken Persien bis zur islamischen Eroberung durch die Araber im Jahr 651 n. Chr. Als Vorlage verwendete Ferdausi uralte Mythen und Sagen, die aus schriftlichen Quellen und mündlich tradierten Erzählungen überliefert waren.
Authored by the persian poet Abu l-Qasem Ferdausi (940/41 - 1020 AD) the Schahname ("Book of Kings") tells the entire story of the old Kings of Iran in 62 myths with over 50.000 verses - beginning in the ancient Persia until the Islamic conquest by the Arabians in the year 651 AD. As templates Ferdausi used ancient myths and legends that were bequeathed in written sources and orally passed tales. Ferdausi completed his works in the year 1010 after 35 years.
  MUSEUM BERLIN | BABYLON...  
Bruchstück einer Tontafel mit dem altbabylonischen Gilgamesch-Epos, Ankauf, Sippar (?), 18.-17. Jh. v. Chr. , Gebrannter Ton, © Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Foto: Olaf M. Teßmer
Fragment of a clay tablet with the Old Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, new acquisition, Sippar (?), 18th-17th century BC, burnt clay, © Museum of the Ancient Near East, National Museums in Berlin, photo: Olaf M. Teßmer
  Anders zur Welt kommen:...  
Historisch gesehen, lässt sich die Praxis der Verschleierung von Frauen weit in vorislamische Zeit zurückverfolgen. Sicher ist, dass in Mesopotamien zur Zeit der Assyrer (ca. 1800-600 v. Chr.) angesehene Frauen ihr Haupt in der Öffentlichkeit bedeckten.
Hidden behind the generic term "veil" are very different kinds of cloth that are attributed to a Muslim woman's attire. Headscarves and shawls covering the hair and occasionally also the neck, chest, and shoulders belong to it as well as facial veils or large-sized cloth hiding the female body. From a historic perspective the practice of the veiling of women can be retraced far into pre-Islamic times. It is certain that in Mesopotamia at the times of the Assyrians (about 1800 - 600 B.C.) reputable women covered their heads in public. The veil was a sign of respectability and of a high social status. Representations of women from the Hittite empire (about 1600 - 700 B.C.) prove the use of a cloak-like head wrapreaching down to the ankles. Similarly the Greeks and the Byzantines both knew veiling and the separationof sexes - societal practices probably spreading to Egypt around the 3rd century B.C. So it was not the religion of Islam which introduced the practice of veiling. In the Quran two Suras refer to the behaviour and clothing of women; both can be interpreted very differently depending on one's perspective.
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