dose a – Übersetzung – Keybot-Wörterbuch

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  MedEffet Canada - Formu...  
Médicaments et produits de santé naturels : Indiquer si l'effet indésirable a disparu après que le produit de santé suspect a cessé d'être pris ou que sa dose a été réduite.
Drugs and Natural Health Products: Indicate if the adverse reaction abated after the suspected health product was discontinued, or the dose was reduced.
  Page 5 - Loi canadienne...  
1 Cette dose a été calculée en se servant de facteurs de conversion normalisés; toutefois, d'après les conversions établies à partir de l'épreuve biologique chronique du NTP, l'absorption peut avoir dépassé cette valeur.
1 This dose has been calculated based on standard conversion factors; however, based on conversions developed from the chronic NTP bioassay, intake may have exceeded this value.
  Page 17 - Lignes direct...  
dans les 21 jours après qu'il ait appris que la limite de dose a été dépassée, déclarer les résultats de l'enquête à l'autorité gouvernementale appropriée (dont la liste figure à l'annexe B) ou indiquer les progrès qui ont été réalisés lors de l'enquête.
within 21 days after becoming aware that the dose limit has been exceeded, report the results of the investigation to the appropriate government authority (reference Appendix B) or on the progress that has been made in conducting the investigation.
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maintien du traitement concomitant, même si la dose a été modifiée pendant l'étude, y compris les contraceptifs oraux et leur monothérapie de substitution; les traitements qui ont cessé au moment de la période d'inscription à l'étude (ou ont été modifiés au début de l'étude).
concomitant treatment maintained, even if the dose was changed during the study, including oral contraceptive and hormone replacement therapy; treatments stopped at entry into the study period (or changed at study initiation)
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Le nombre d'animaux utilisés par dose a une influence directe sur la capacité de déceler la toxicité. Un petit échantillonnage peut empêcher l'observation des manifestations toxiques définies uniquement selon les critères de fréquence à laquelle elles sont observées, sans égard à la gravité de ces manifestations.
The number of animals used per dose has a direct bearing on the ability to detect toxicity. A small sample size may lead to failure to observe toxic events due to observed frequency alone regardless of severity. The limitations that are imposed by sample size, as often is the case for non-human primate studies, may be in part compensated by increasing the frequency and duration of monitoring. Both genders should generally be used or justification given for specific omissions.
  Le diquat [Document tec...  
La majeure partie d'une dose orale unique de 45 mg/kg p.c. par jour de diquat marqué radioactivement a été éliminée par des rats en quatre jours; 6 pour cent de la dose a été décelée dans les urines et 89 pour cent dans les fèces, en majeure partie sous forme intacte.
Diquat is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following ingestion. Most of a single oral dose of 45 mg/kg bw per day of radioactively labelled diquat was eliminated by rats in four days; 6% of the dose was detected in the urine and 89% in the faeces, most of it unchanged. The metabolite diquat monopyridone, detected mainly in the faeces, accounted for 5% of the dose, whereas the minor urinary metabolite diquat dipyridone accounted for approximately 0.1% of the dose.11 Toxicity is believed to be due to the parent compound, rather than to its metabolites.12 Diquat was not found to accumulate in the tissues of rats fed 25 ppm in the diet for eight weeks.13
  Page 6 - Lignes directr...  
Une contrainte de dose est une valeur supérieure de la dose annuelle que les membres du public ou les travailleurs exposés occasionnellement devraient recevoir lors de travaux prévus ou d'une source unique.
A dose constraint is an upper value on the annual dose that members of the public or incidentally exposed workers should receive from a planned operation or single source. To ensure that the public and incidentally exposed workers do not exceed the annual dose limit of 1 mSv, the ICRP(7) and the IAEA(8) suggest the use of a dose constraint. The dose constraint would allow for exposures from other sources without the annual limit being exceeded. The retrospective finding that a dose constraint, as opposed to a dose limit, has been exceeded does not imply a failure to comply with the recommendations of the
  Page 4 - Document de co...  
On a observé une réduction de la motilité des spermatozoïdes chez les rats exposés à 188 mg/kg p.c. par jour (58 %) par rapport aux rats témoins (68 %). Cette dose a également modifié la distribution de fréquences des vitesses moyennes de déplacement en ligne droite des spermatozoïdes.
Male F344 rats (two per cage, total number not specified) were administered chloral hydrate in drinking water at concentrations of 0, 780, or 2700 mg/L (corresponding to dose levels of 0, 55, and 188 mg/kg bw per day) for 52 weeks to evaluate the effects of chloral hydrate on sperm morphology and motility. A reduction in sperm motility was observed in rats exposed to 188 mg/kg bw per day (58%) compared with controls (68%). A shift in the frequency distribution of the average straight-line velocities of sperm also occurred at this dose compared with the controls. A NOAEL for effects on sperm motility was set at 55 mg/kg bw per day, and a LOAEL of 188 mg/kg bw per day was identified (Klinefelter et al., 1995).
  Page 5 - Loi canadienne...  
On a observé une augmentation marginale de défauts des tubes neuraux des foetus (exencéphalie et myéloschisis) chez la progéniture de souris après l'administration par voie orale de 2 100 mg/[kg (m.c.)·j] pendant la gestation; cette dose a entraîné une réduction significative du gain de masse corporelle par les mères vers le 18e jour (Shiota et Nishimura, 1982).
The possible teratogenic potential of dibutyl phthalate has also been observed in mice and rats exposed to higher doses. A borderline increase in fetal neural tube defects (exencephaly and myeloschisis) was observed in the offspring of mice following oral administration of 2100 mg/[kg (b.w.) ·d] during gestation, a dose that induced a significant reduction in body weight gain by day 18 in the mothers (Shiota and Nishimura, 1982). Increases in skeletal malformations have also been reported in the offspring of rats exposed intraperitoneally to doses of 320 mg/[kg (b.w.)·d] or greater, though maternal toxicity was not addressed in this study (Singh
  Le glyphosate [Document...  
On n'a observé une excrétion biliaire et une circulation entéro-hépathique qu'en faibles quantités.4,21 Les doses d'AMPA absorbées ont également été excrétées presque entièrement dans l'urine; moins de 0,1 % de la dose a été éliminée sous la forme de dioxyde de carbone marqué.22
After oral or intraperitoneal administration of both a single dose and 12 days of repeated doses, glyphosate was excreted almost entirely in urine, largely in unchanged form, although small amounts of the metabolite AMPA were also found. Biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation occurred only to a minor extent.4,21 Absorbed doses of AMPA were also excreted almost entirely via the urine, with less than 0.1% of the dose eliminated as labelled carbon dioxide.22 Clearance of a single dose of glyphosate after 120 hours was 94% in males and females. With daily administration in the diet for 14 days, tissue levels reached maximum values by the sixth day of administration, with levels decreasing in the order kidneys (<1 ppm), spleen, fat, liver, ovaries, heart and muscle. Residues declined quickly once treatment ceased, with kidney levels dropping to 0.1 ppm at the end of a 10-day recovery period.21
  Bulletin canadien des e...  
Au cours des 7 dernières années, des publications ont décrit plusieurs cas de neuropathie périphérique soupçonnée d'être associée au léflunomideNote de bas de page 5,Note de bas de page 6,Note de bas de page 7,Note de bas de page 8,Note de bas de page 9,Note de bas de page 10,Note de bas de page 11,Note de bas de page 12,Note de bas de page 13,Note de bas de page 14,Note de bas de page 15. Les patients présentaient une paresthésie ou de la faiblesse, ou les deux, des membres supérieurs ou inférieurs, ou des deux. Dans quelques cas, les symptômes ont été graves ou invalidantsNote de bas de page 12,Note de bas de page 13,Note de bas de page 15. L'incidence de la neuropathie périphérique a varié de 1,4 % à 10 % au cours d'études ouvertes visant à évaluer la neurotoxicité du léflunomideNote de bas de page 5,Note de bas de page 6,Note de bas de page 7,Note de bas de page 8. Au cours de ces études, le pourcentage des patients chez lesquels cet effet indésirable (EI) s'est atténué après l'interruption du médicament, ou une réduction de la dose, a varié de 37 % à 100 %.
During the last 7 years, several cases of peripheral neuropathy suspected of being associated with leflunomide have been published.Footnote 5,Footnote 6,Footnote 7,Footnote 8,Footnote 9,Footnote 10,Footnote 11,Footnote 12,Footnote 13,Footnote 14,Footnote 15 Patients had paresthesia or weakness, or both, in the upper or lower extremities, or both. In a few cases the symptoms were severe or debilitating.Footnote 12,Footnote 13,Footnote 15 The incidence of peripheral neuropathy has ranged from 1.4% to 10% in open studies to assess leflunomide neurotoxicity. Footnote 5,Footnote 6,Footnote 7,Footnote 8 In these studies, the proportion of patients for whom this adverse reaction (AR) improved after discontinuation of the drug or reduction of the dosage ranged from 37% to 100%.
  L'acide nitrilotriacéti...  
Chez le rat, la souris et le chien, l'élimination se fait principalement par l'intermédiaire de l'urine (respectivement de 70 à 95 pour cent, 96 pour cent et de 69 à 80 pour cent de la dose administrée par voie orale),24-26 tandis que chez le lapin, le singe et l'être humain, la plus grande partie du NTA est éliminée dans les fèces, l'élimination dans l'urine étant, par conséquent, beaucoup plus faible (23 pour cent,14 pour cent et 12 pour cent respective-ment).24,27 Chez huit volontaires humains, la concentration sanguine de NTA a atteint sa valeur maximale en une à deux heures après l'administration de 10 mg de 14C-NTA incorporé dans des gélules.
The kinetics and metabolism of NTA have been investigated in several species, including humans.24-27Absorption of NTA from the gastrointestinal tract is rapid; however, there is considerable variation among species in the proportion of NTA eliminated in the urine. In the rat, mouse and dog, elimination is primarily via the urine (70 to 95%, 96% and 69 to 80% of orally administered dose, respectively);24-26 in the rabbit, monkey and man, most NTA is excreted in the faeces, and elimination via the urine is much less (23%, 14% and 12%, respectively).24,27 In eight human volunteers, concentrations in blood peaked one to two hours after ingestion of 10 mg 14C-NTA in gelatin capsules. Seventy-seven percent of the administered dose was present in the faeces; approximately 12% of the dose was eliminated in the urine as unchanged NTA; and less than 0.1% was exhaled as carbon dioxide. Eighty-seven percent of the absorbed quantity (i.e., 12 to 13% of the total dose) was excreted in the urine within 24 hours.27 NTA does not appear to be metabolized by mammals, based on the studies in mice, rats, dogs and humans in which NTA itself is excreted in the urine.24-27
  Recommandations pour la...  
À la plus faible dose (0,1 mmol/kg), moins de la moitié de la dose a été récupérée dans l'air expiré : 28 % sous forme de dioxyde de carbone, 19 % sous forme de tétrachlorure de carbone et <1 % sous forme de chloroforme.
Carbon tetrachloride is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the systemic circulation in animals. In rats, 80-86% of an orally administered dose of 14C-labelled carbon tetrachloride was excreted in the expired air within 10-18 h (Paul and Rubinstein, 1963; Marchand et al., 1970). The type of vehicle used and the mode of administration have been shown to influence the oral absorption rate in experimental studies. Although carbon tetrachloride was rapidly and extensively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of fasted rats when administered in water or as an Emulphor aqueous emulsion, corn oil markedly delayed its oral absorption (Kim et al., 1990a). Studies in rats comparing the pharmacokinetics of carbon tetrachloride after gastric infusion and bolus gavage show that peak blood carbon tetrachloride concentrations were higher after bolus dosing than after infusion over 2 h (Sanzgiri et al., 1995). Although no quantitative studies were found regarding absorption in humans after oral exposure to carbon tetrachloride, numerous case studies of accidental or intentional ingestion of carbon tetrachloride suggest that absorption of carbon tetrachloride from the gastrointestinal tract in humans is likely to be extensive (ATSDR, 2005).
  Page 8 - Recommandation...  
Dans une étude plus récente, des doses de 0, 10, 25 ou 80 mg de chlorite de sodium/kg p.c. par jour (équivalant à 0, 7,4, 18,6 ou 59,7 mg de chlorite/kg p.c. par jour) ont été administrées quotidiennement par gavage à des rats Crl: CD (SD) BR mâles et femelles (15 rats de chaque sexe par groupe) pendant 13 semaines. La plus forte dose a entraîné la mort d'un certain nombre de rats (Harrington et coll., 1995).
In a recent study, doses of 0, 10, 25 or 80 mg sodium chlorite/kg bw per day were administered daily by gavage to male and female Crl: CD (SD) BR rats (15 per sex per group) for 13 weeks (equivalent to 0, 7.4, 18.6 or 59.7 mg chlorite/kg bw per day). The highest dose produced death in a number of animals (Harrington et al., 1995). It also resulted in morphological changes in erythrocytes and significant decreases in haemoglobin concentrations. A non-significant reduction in red blood cell counts was observed at 10 mg/kg bw per day in male rats, with further decreases being observed at 80 mg/kg bw per day. Red blood cell counts were significantly depressed in female rats at doses of 25 mg/kg bw per day and above. As would be expected where haemolysis is occurring, splenic weights were increased. Adrenal weights were increased in females at 25 and 80 mg/kg bw per day, whereas statistically significant changes were observed only at 80 mg/kg bw per day in males. Histopathological examination of necropsied tissues revealed squamous cell epithelial hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, ulceration, chronic inflammation and oedema in the stomach of 7 of 15 males and 8 of 15 females given 80 mg/kg bw per day doses. This effect was observed in only 2 of 15 animals at the 25 mg/kg bw per day dose and not at all at the 10 mg/kg bw per day dose. The NOAEL for this study was determined to be 7.4 mg chlorite/kg bw per day for stomach lesions and increases in spleen and adrenal weights (Harrington et al., 1995).
  Page 5 - Loi canadienne...  
, 1995), l'exposition à la plus forte dose a provoqué une augmentation statistiquement significative (p < 0,01 ou p < 0,05) de l'incidence de 25 des 27 malformations ou variations du squelette observées, par rapport au groupe témoin.
1995), exposure to the highest dose produced a statistically significant (i.e., p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) increase in the incidence of 25 of the 27 skeletal malformations/variations examined, compared with unexposed controls. At 1500 mg/kg-bw per day, an increased incidence of skeletal malformations (e.g., fused or extra centra, arches and ribs, p < 0.01) and variations (e.g., reduce d ossification in centra and phalanges, enlargement of fontanel and sagittal suture in the skull) and a reduction in fetal body weight per li tter (p < 0.01) wer e observed. The administration of 500 (and 1500) mg ethylene glycol/kg-bw produced a statistically significant (p < 0.01) increase in the incidence of one skeletal change, the occurrence of an extra 14th rib on the first lumbar arch. In mice administered 0, 50, 150, 500 or 1500 mg ethylene glycol/kg-bw per day, the incidence of this specific skeletal change (expressed either as the occurrence in litter/total litters examined or as the occurrence in fetus/total fetuses examined) was 4/19, 4/20, 6/24, 17/24 (p < 0.01) and 21/21 (p < 0.01), and 5/201, 11/223, 13/278, 75/266 and 128/235, respectively. Exposure produced no treatment-related effects on reproductive parameters (including the number of corpora lutea, viable implantation sites, pre-implantation loss or sex ratio) or maternal toxicity.
  Page 5 - L'acide (4-chl...  
Des souris B6C3F1 (50 par sexe par dose) ont reçu pendant deux ans dans leurs rations alimentaires du MCPA (94,6 %) à raison de 0, 20, 100 ou 500 mg/kg, soit l'équivalent de doses de 0, 3,2, 15,7 ou 79,5 mg/kg p.c. par jour chez les mâles et de 0, 3,9, 19,5 ou 97,2 mg/kg p.c. par jour chez les femelles (Kuhborth et coll.,1988; Bellet et coll., 1999). Un groupe satellite (n = 10 par sexe par dose) a été utilisé pour les analyses hématologiques. Des modifications du poids corporel ont été observées chez les deux sexes durant l'étude; toutefois, le poids corporel final des mâles et des femelles n'était pas statistiquement différent de celui des témoins. Le rein était le seul organe qui présentait des lésions associées au traitement. On a noté une hausse statistiquement significative du poids des reins chez les femelles ayant reçu la dose élevée. Pour ce qui est des lésions rénales, on a notamment observé une incidence accrue de la calcification intratubulaire et la présence de cylindres hyalins tubulaires chez les mâles et les femelles ayant reçu la dose élevée. Chez les femelles ayant reçu la dose moyenne ou la dose élevée, on a noté une hausse non reliée à la dose de l'incidence de l'hyperplasie rénale légère (7/50 et 4/50, respectivement) comparativement aux témoins et aux femelles ayant reçu la faible dose, à laquelle aucune hyperplasie n'a été observée. De plus, chez les mâles ayant reçu la dose élevée, on a noté une incidence accrue de l'hyperplasie focale de l'épithélium tubulaire rénal (signification statistique non précisée). L'auteur a indiqué que la NOEL générale était de 100 mg/kg (15,7 mg/kg p.c. par jour chez les mâles et 19,5 mg/kg p.c. par jour chez les femelles) (Kuhborth et coll., 1988; Bellet et coll., 1999). Cependant, la U.S. EPA (2003) a fixé la NOAEL générale pour les mâles à 100 mg/kg (15,7 mg/kg p.c. par jour) et la LOAEL, toujours chez les mâles, à 500 mg/kg (79,5 mg/kg p.c. par jour), d'après les changements histopathologiques du rein. Pour les souris femelles, l'EPA (2003) a fixé la NOAEL générale à 20 mg/kg (3,9 mg/kg p.c. par jour) et la LOAEL à 100 mg/kg (19,5 mg/kg p.c. par jour), d'après l'hyperplasie rénale, qui a été jugée significative sur le plan toxicologique à cette dose.
B6C3F1 mice (50 per sex per dose) received MCPA (94.6%) for 2 years in the diet at 0, 20, 100 or 500 mg/kg, corresponding to doses of 0, 3.2, 15.7 or 79.5 mg/kg bw per day in males and 0, 3.9, 19.5 or 97.2 mg/kg bw per day in females (Kuhborth et al., 1988; Bellet et al., 1999). One satellite group (n = 10 per sex per dose) was used for haematological examination. Body weight changes were observed in both sexes during the course of the study; however, the final body weights in males and females were not statistically different from those of the control group. The kidney was the only organ with treatment-related lesions. Kidney weights were statistically significantly higher in high-dose females. The kidney lesions included increased incidences of intratubular calcification and tubular hyaline-proteinaceous casts in high-dose males and females. In the mid- and high-dose females, there was a non-dose-related increase in the incidence of slight renal hyperplasia (7/50 and 4/50, respectively) compared with controls and the low dose, at which none was observed. In addition, there was an increased incidence of renal tubular epithelial focal hyperplasia in high-dose males (not specified if statistically significant). The authors reported the systemic NOEL at 100 mg/kg (15.7 mg/kg bw per day in males and 19.5 mg/kg bw per day in females) (Kuhborth et al., 1988; Bellet et al., 1999). However, the U.S. EPA (2003) set the systemic NOAEL in males at 100 mg/kg (15.7 mg/kg bw per day) and the LOAEL in males at 500 mg/kg (79.5 mg/kg bw per day) based on histopathological changes in the kidneys. In female mice, U.S. EPA (2003) set the systemic NOAEL at 20 mg/kg (3.9 mg/kg bw per day) and the LOAEL at 100 mg/kg (19.5 mg/kg bw per day), based on renal hyperplasia, which was considered toxicologically significant at that dose.
  Le tétrachlorure de car...  
À la plus faible dose (0,1 mmol/kg), moins de la moitié de la dose a été récupérée dans l'air expiré : 28 % sous forme de dioxyde de carbone, 19 % sous forme de tétrachlorure de carbone et < 1 % sous forme de chloroforme.
Carbon tetrachloride is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the systemic circulation in animals. In rats, 80-86% of an orally administered dose of 14C-labelled carbon tetrachloride was excreted in the expired air within 10-18 h (Paul and Rubinstein, 1963; Marchand et al., 1970). The type of vehicle used and the mode of administration have been shown to influence the oral absorption rate in experimental studies. Although carbon tetrachloride was rapidly and extensively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of fasted rats when administered in water or as an Emulphor aqueous emulsion, corn oil markedly delayed its oral absorption (Kim et al., 1990a). Studies in rats comparing the pharmacokinetics of carbon tetrachloride after gastric infusion and bolus gavage show that peak blood carbon tetrachloride concentrations were higher after bolus dosing than after infusion over 2 h (Sanzgiri et al., 1995). Although no quantitative studies were found regarding absorption in humans after oral exposure to carbon tetrachloride, numerous case studies of accidental or intentional ingestion of carbon tetrachloride suggest that absorption of carbon tetrachloride from the gastrointestinal tract in humans is likely to be extensive (ATSDR, 2005).
  Ligne directrice à l'in...  
Une analyse grossière de ce type d'essai, par exemple, une comparaison des effets dans les sous-groupes de patients dont la dose a été augmentée jusqu'à un seuil variable, donne souvent une courbe en «U» inversé trompeuse, étant donné que seulement les mauvais répondeurs recevront la plus haute dose.
In this design patients are titrated until they reach a well characterized favorable or unfavorable response, defined by dosing rules expressed in the protocol. This approach is most applicable to conditions where the response is reasonably prompt and is not an irreversible event, such as stroke or death. A crude analysis of such studies, e.g., comparing the effects in the subgroups of patients titrated to various dosages, often gives a misleading inverted "U-shaped" curve, as only poor responders are titrated to the highest dose. However, more sophisticated statistical, analytical approaches that correct for this, by modelling and estimating the population and individual dose-response relationships, appear to allow calculation of valid dose-response information. Experience in deriving valid dose- response information in this fashion is still limited. It is important, in this design, to maintain a concurrent placebo group to correct for spontaneous changes, investigator expectations, etc. Like other designs that use several doses in the same patient, this design may use fewer patients than a parallel fixed dose study of similar statistical power and can provide both population average and individual dose-response information. The design does, however, risk confounding of time and dose effects and would be expected to have particular problems in finding dose-response relationships for adverse effects. Like the forced titration design, it can be used to study a wide dose range and, with a concurrent placebo group, can provide clear evidence of effectiveness. It too may be especially valuable as an early study to identify doses for a definitive parallel study.