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Ðrecouvrement€de€la€part€de€Revenu€Canada€jusquð ðen€1998€ð" ð€Est-ce€que€les€d lais€deÐ „ Ðprescription€f d ral€et€provincial€emp chent€Revenu€Canada€de€recouvrer€aupr s€duÐ ˜ Ðcontribuable€des€cr ances€fiscales€f d rales€et€provinciales?€ð" ð€Loi€sur€la€responsabilit Ð ´ 0 Ðcivile€de€lð ð tat€et€le€contentieux€administratif,€L.R.C.€1985,€ch.

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Ðfederal€and€provincial€limitation€periods€bar€Revenue€Canada€from€collecting€taxpayerð ðsÐ „ Ðfederal€and€provincial€tax€debts€ð" ð€Crown€Liability€and€Proceedings€Act,€R.S.C.€1985,Ð ˜ Ðc.€C„50,€s.32€ð" ð€Limitation€Act,€R.S.B.C.€1996,€c.266,€ss.1,€3(5).Ð ´ 0 ÐÌà œ àCrown€ð" ð€Liability€ð" ð€Prescription€and€limitation€ð" ð€Collection€of€federalÐ ä ` Ðtax€debt€ð" ð€Whether€term€ð ðproceedingsð ð€in€federal€limitation€provision€encompassesÐ | ø Ðcollection€procedures€available€under€Income€Tax€Act€ð" ð€Whether€cause€of€action€aroseÐ Ðð ðotherwise€than€in€a€provinceð ð€ð" ð€Whether€Income€Tax€Act€complete€code€excludingÐ ¬ ( Ðapplication€of€federal€limitation€period€to€collection€procedures€ð" ð€Crown€Liability€andÐ D À ÐProceedings€Act,€R.S.C.€1985,€c.€C-50,€s.32.Ð Ü X ÐÌà œ àLimitation€of€actions€ð" ð€Collection€of€provincial€tax€debt€ð" ð€Definition€ofÐ ˆ Ðaction€ð" ð€Whether€phrase€ð ðself€help€remedyð ð€in€definition€of€ð ðð ðactionð ð€in€provincialÐ ¤ Ðlimitation€legislation€encompasses€collection€procedures€available€under€provincialÐ

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€Ý ƒ % Ñýyy ”y ÝŒÐ , ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý[~ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú64Ú ÚÛ € z @ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àSi€le€syndicat€nð ðinsiste€pas€pour€que€ses€statuts€soient€respect s€ou€nð ðimposeÐ \ È Ðpas€de€mesures€disciplinaires€en€cas€de€violation,€les€syndiqu s€pourraient€peut- tre,€enÐ ô ` Ðplus€de€b n ficier€des€proc dures€internes€existantes,€intenter€des€poursuites€aupr s€duÐ Œ ø ÐConseil€canadien€des€relations€industrielles€ou€dð ðune€cour€de€justice,€selon€la€nature€deÐ $ Ðla€plainte.

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Ðto€result€in€claims€against€their€personal€assets€absent€the€existence€of€an€identifiableÐ Ô-@&0 Ðwrongdoer€in€breach€of€some€duty,€like€the€required€elements€of€a€tort€action,€thisÐ l/Ø'2 Ðwould€have€a€chilling€effect€on€union€democracy.€€The€importance€of€the€democraticÐ ” Ðrights€of€union€members,€including€the€right€to€dissent,€was€pointed€out€in€ò òTippett€v.Ð , ˜ ÐInternational€Typographical€Union,€Local€226ó ó€(1975),€63€D.L.R.€(3d)€522€(B.C.S.C.),Ð Ä 0 Ðat€p.€546:Ý ƒ % ÑýTd od ÝŒÐ \ È ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 ž àà0 ` ž Ð ž Ð àà ä àAll€members€of€trade€unions€have€the€unqualified€right€to€speakÐ Œ ø Ðout€against€the€manner€in€which€union€affairs€are€conducted.€€There€is€aÐ X Ä Ðright€of€dissent.€€There€is€a€right€to€seek€decertification,€subject€to€theÐ $ Ðcondition€that€no€member€of€a€union€shall€conspire€with€his€employer€toÐ ð \ Ðinjure€his€union.€€I€point€out,€moreover,€that€dual€unionism€is€a€fact€of€lifeÐ ¼ ( Ðin€this€Province.€€No€person€can€be€expelled€or€penalized€by€a€trade€unionÐ ˆ ô Ðfor€insisting€on€his€rights.€Ð T À ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌà ž àÌÓ ÓExposing€the€personal€assets€of€dissenting€union€members€to€liability€would€beÐ ¸ $ Ðantithetical€to€this€ð ðunqualified€rightð ð€of€union€members€to€speak€out€against€theÐ P ¼ Ðagenda€of€their€bargaining€agent.€€The€result€would€be€to€discourage€memberÐ è T Ðparticipation€in€union€affairs€and€to€erode€union€democracy.Ð € ì ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýìk Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú61Ú ÚÛ € z = Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ž àAs€well,€I€agree€with€Winkler€J.€that€trade€unions€would€find€it€difficult€to€recruitÐ ° Ðmembers€or€obtain€certificates€to€bargain€collectively€if€the€act€of€joining€a€trade€unionÐ H ´ Ðexposed€individuals€to€personal€liability€in€damages€to€other€members€for€allegedÐ à!L ! Ðbreaches€of€provisions€of€the€constitution.€€Further,€if€union€members€were€permittedÐ x#ä # Ðto€bring€suit€against€other€members€instead€of€resorting€to€internal€dispute€resolutionÐ %| % Ðmechanisms€where€breaches€of€the€constitution€were€alleged,€the€ability€of€unions€toÐ ¨& ' Ðresolve€internal€conflicts€would€be€hindered.€€This€loss€of€control€over€internal€affairsÐ @(¬ ) Ðwould€undermine€the€ability€of€unions€to€present€a€united€front€to€employers€andÐ Ø)D"+ Ðpursue€the€collective€interests€of€their€members.Ý ƒ % Ñýìk l ÝŒÐ p+Ü#- ÐŒÝ ÝÔ # † X €J X X X €Jûc # ÔÔ ‡ X €J X X X €J ÔÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýzp Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú62Ú ÚÛ € z > Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ž àÔ # † X €J X X X €JZp # ÔÔ ‡ X €J X X X €J Ôò òó óTo€summarize,€on€grounds€of€both€law€and€policy,€I€conclude€th

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€€Le€m me€jour,lð ðACPL€d pose€aupr s€du€CCRT€ Ð ˆ Ðlð ðencontre€de€lð ðAPAC€une€plainte€de€pratique€d loyale,€cherchant€ €obtenir€r parationÐ ´ Ðpour€lð ðACPL€et€les€membres€descinq€unit s€de€n gociation€correspondantes.

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Ðagainst€ACPA€seeking€remedies€for€CALPA€and€the€members€of€the€five€connectorÐ Ô-@&0 Ðbargaining€units.€The€CLRB€consolidated€these€proceedings€and€on€December€22,Ð l/Ø'2 Ð1999€released€its€decision€Ô # † X €J X X O X ¹¥re # ÔÔ ‡ X €J X X X €J ÔÔ CE, US, ‘e Ôdismissing€both€the€single€employer€declaration€and€theÐ ” Ðunfair€labour€practice€complaint.Ý ƒ % ÑýWe £e ÝŒÐ , ˜ ÐŒÝ Ý€€Ð Ä 0 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý j Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú16Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ö àThe€appellants€sued€the€proposed€class€of€Air€Canada€pilots€personally€inÐ \ È Ðtort,€alleging€conspiracy,€interference€with€economic€relations€and€interference€withÐ ô ` Ðcontractual€relations.€€They€also€sued€for€breach€of€contract.€The€appellants€contendedÐ Œ ø Ðthat€the€refusal€of€the€respondents€to€advance€the€Picher€Award€during€the€collectiveÐ $ Ðbargaining€with€Air€Canada€was€a€breach€of€the€contract€contained€in€the€unionÐ ¼ ( Ðconstitution.Ô # † X €J X X X €J i # ÔÔ ‡ X €J X X X €J Ô€€The€respondents€moved€for€summary€judgment€to€dismiss€the€action.€Ý ƒ % Ñý j #j ÝŒÐ T À ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýfm Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ö àWinkler€J.€of€the€Ontario€Superior€Court€of€Justice€granted€theÐ „ ð Ðrespondentsð ð€motion€for€summary€judgment€under€subrule€20.04(4)€of€the€ò òRules€ofÐ ˆ ÐCivil€Procedureó ó,€R.R.O.€1990,€Reg.€194,€with€respect€to€the€claim€for€damages€arisingÐ ´ Ðfrom€breach€of€contract.€€He€dismissed€the€motion€with€respect€to€the€tort€claimsÐ L ¸ Ðfinding€that€those€claims€raised€a€genuine€issue€for€trial.€Ý ƒ % Ñýfm m ÝŒÐ ä P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýýo Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú18Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ö àThe€appellants€appealed€the€dismissal€of€the€contractual€claim€and€theÐ !€ Ðrespondents€cross„appealed€the€dismissal€of€the€motion€to€dismiss€the€tort€claims€to€theÐ ¬" " ÐCourt€of€Appeal€for€Ontario.€€€The€appeal€and€cross„appeal€were€both€dismissed€withÐ D$° $ Ðcosts.Ý ƒ % Ñýýo p ÝŒÐ Ü%H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌØ ! ! ØÓ € ( eh 8 8 a ÓIII.€€ò òJudgments€Belowó óÐ )x!* ÐÌØ ! ! ØÓ € ( Ê½ 8 8 ÓA.€€ò òOntario€Superior€Court€of€Justiceó ó€(1999),€45€O.R.€(3d)€449Ð

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€€Elle€a€fait€des€v rifications€minutieuses€aupr s€de€propri taires€de€terrains€situ sÐ $ À Ðdans€une€zoneP-3€pour€arriver€de€nouveau€ €la€conclusion€quð ðaucun€terrain€convenableÐ ¼ X Ðnð ð tait€ €vendre.

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ÐCongregation€the€courtesy€of€meeting€with€its€representatives€to€discuss€theÐ Ô/p)4 ÐCongregationð ðs€construction€plans,€which€by€then€had€been€derailed€for€four€years.€€TheÐ d ÐMunicipality€contented€itself€with€advising€that€lots€in€P„3€were€available.€Ý ƒ ÑýÕ£ ð£ ÝŒÐ ü ˜ ÐŒÝ Ýà œ àà ø àà Ü àÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýS¨ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThis€advice€was€no€substitute€for€a€proper€evaluation€of€the€rezoningÐ , È Ðapplication€and€accompanying€reasons€justifying€the€refusal.€€The€Municipality€knew€thatÐ Ä ` Ðthe€Congregation€believed€on€the€basis€of€two€searches€that€no€P„3€lots€were€available.€Ð \ ø ÐYet,€it€offered€only€the€general€observation€that€lots€were€available€without€offering€anyÐ ô Ðdirection.€€In€fact,€as€the€trial€judge€found,€land€ò òwasó ó€available€in€P„3.€€But€this€is€not€theÐ Œ ( Ðissue.€€The€issue€is€whether,€in€these€circumstances,€the€Municipalityð ðs€curt€dismissal€ofÐ $ À Ðthe€Congregation€with€the€advice€that€land€was€available€in€P„3€constitutes€a€sufficientÐ ¼ X Ðjustification€of€its€refusal€to€grant€the€second€rezoning€application€to€comply€with€theÐ T ð Ðduty€of€fairness€it€owes€the€Congregation€ð" ð€a€duty€heightened€by€the€Congregationð ðsÐ ì ˆ Ðlegitimate€expectations.€€I€conclude€that€it€does€not.€€à ô àÝ ƒ ÑýS¨ n¨ ÝŒÐ „ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý7 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHad€this€second€application€been€a€mere€request€for€reconsideration,€oneÐ ´ P Ðmight€have€understood€the€absence€of€evaluation€and€reasons.€€But€this€was€not€so.€€TheÐ L è ÐCongregationð ðs€second€request€concerned€a€different€parcel€of€land,€located€in€aÐ ä € Ðcommercial€zone€rather€than€a€residential€zone,€and€situated€near€another€place€ofÐ |! " Ðworship.€€The€findings€of€the€B langer€study€on€tax€impact€of€granting€a€zoning€varianceÐ #° $ Ðand€the€accompanying€analyses€of€the€first€application€were€inapplicable€to€these€newÐ ¬$H & Ðand€different€circumstances.€€A€new€evaluation€was€required,€together€with€anÐ D&à ( Ðexplanation.€€Neither€was€offered.€€Ý ƒ Ñý7 R ÝŒÐ Ü'x!* ÐŒÝ Ýò òó óÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýü° Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú26Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHaving€been€told€land€was€available€in€P„3€but€not€informed€as€to€where,€theÐ +¨$. ÐCongregation€yet€again€renewed€its€search€for€land€in€P„3.€€It€canvassed€landowners€inÐ ¤,@&0 Ðthis€zone,€but€again€concluded€that€no€suitable€properties€were€for€sale.€€Armed€withÐ

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€€Lð ðintim e€a€eu€gain€de€cause€enÐ l/Ø'2 Ðappel€aupr s€de€la€Cour€du€Banc€de€la€Reine€de€lð ðAlberta,€et€cette€derni re€a€ordonn €laÐ ” Ðtenue€dð ðun€nouveau€proc s:€(1998),€225€A.R.225.€€La€Cour€dð ðappel€de€lð ðAlberta€a€rejet Ð , ˜ Ðlð ðappel€de€cette€d cision€et€confirm €lð ðordonnance€de€nouveau€proc s€rendue€par€le€jugeÐ Ä 0 Ðdð ðappel€des€poursuites€sommaires:€(2000),€271A.R.263.€€Lð ðappelant€a€obtenuÐ \ È Ðlð ðautorisation€de€former€un€pourvoi€devant€notre€Cour€le€17mai2001:€[2001]€1Ð ô ` ÐR.C.S.xii.Ý ƒ % Ñýò ÝŒÐ Œ ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ ÓÓ E Ü , ‚X ž œ ø Ü 8 ô ÿÿ ç 7 „ ç « ç C ¼ E ÓÔ& , ÔII.

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Ðtaxpayer€when€the€CCRA€exercises€its€investigative€function?Ý ƒ % Ñý.v Iv ÝŒÐ Ô-@&0 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ l/Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý£y Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àUltimately,€we€conclude€that€compliance€audits€and€tax€evasionÐ ” Ðinvestigations€must€be€treated€differently.€€While€taxpayers€are€statutorily€bound€to€co„Ð , ˜ Ðoperate€with€CCRA€auditors€for€tax€assessment€purposes€(which€may€result€in€theÐ Ä 0 Ðapplication€of€regulatory€penalties),€there€is€an€adversarial€relationship€that€crystallizesÐ \ È Ðbetween€the€taxpayer€and€the€tax€officials€when€the€predominant€purpose€of€an€officialð ðsÐ ô ` Ðinquiry€is€the€determination€of€penal€liability.€€When€the€officials€exercise€this€authority,Ð Œ ø Ðconstitutional€protections€against€self„incrimination€prohibit€CCRA€officials€who€areÐ $ Ðinvestigating€ITA€offences€from€having€recourse€to€the€powerful€inspection€andÐ ¼ ( Ðrequirement€tools€in€ss.€231.1(1)€and€231.2(1).€€Rather,€CCRA€officials€who€exercise€theÐ T À Ðauthority€to€conduct€such€investigations€must€seek€search€warrants€in€furtherance€of€theirÐ ì X Ðinvestigation.Ý ƒ % Ñý£y ¾y ÝŒÐ „ ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý›~ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú3Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHere,€ò òó óthe€material€that€the€trial€judge€excluded€from€the€Information€toÐ ´ ÐObtain€A€Search€Warrant€owing€to€a€ò òCharteró ó€violation€was€in€fact€validly€gatheredÐ L ¸ Ðpursuant€to€the€auditorð ðs€inspection€and€requirement€powers.€€Accordingly,€the€searchesÐ ä P Ðultimately€carried€out€were€authorized€by€warrant,€and€no€s.€8€violation€occurred.€Ð | è ÐTherefore,€we€would€dismiss€the€appeal€and€confirm€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€Albertað ðsÐ !€ Ðorder€of€a€new€trial.Ý ƒ % Ñý›~ ¶~ ÝŒÐ ¬" " ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ B Ü , ‚X ž œ ø Ü 8 ô ÿÿ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ B ÓI.à ž àò òFactual€Backgroundó óÐ Ü%H & ÐÌÓ B Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ô ÿÿ Ü , ‚X ž œ ø Ü 8 ¼ B ÓÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýJ‚ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú4Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€appellant,€Warren€Jarvis,€is€a€farmer€in€Alberta.€€His€wife,€GeorgiaÐ )x!* ÐJarvis,€was,€until€the€time€of€her€death,€an€artist€earning€income€from€the€sale€of€herÐ ¤* #, Ðworks.€€Mrs.€Jarvis€reported€this€income€on€her€annual€individual€tax€returns.Ý ƒ % ÑýJ‚ e‚ ÝŒÐ

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Ðd livre€un€certificat€de€pr t€ €lð ð tudiant€qui€y€a€droit€suivant€le€ò òRAFEó ó,€lð ðautorisant€ Ð Ô/p)4 Ðcontracter€un€emprunt€dans€les€90€jours€aupr s€dð ðune€institution€financi re€reconnue€parÐ d Ðle€ministre.Ô # † X % X X X % Ç› # ÔÔ ‡ X % X X X % ÔÔ_ q p Ô€€Lð ð tat€assume€le€paiement€des€int r ts€(ò òLAFEó ó,€art.€24ò òó óÔ # † X % X X X % O # ÔÔ ‡ X % X X X % Ô)€et€garantit€leÐ ü ˜ Ðremboursement€du€capital.

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Ðcertificate,€he€had€to€begin€repaying€the€principal€and€paying€the€interest€on€the€loan€uponÐ d Ðthe€expiration€of€the€exemption€period,€that€is,€on€January1,1999.Ý ƒ % ÑýZd ud ÝŒÐ ü ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýeh Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú9Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAround€July21,1998,€the€appellant€inquired€about€the€repayment€of€his€loan.€Ð , È ÐA€Royal€Bank€representative€informed€him€verbally€that€interest€on€the€loan€had€beenÐ Ä ` Ðdebited€since€June1,1998€and€that€the€principal€would€be€repayable€as€ofÐ \ ø ÐDecember1,1998,€in€accordance€with€the€directives€issued€by€Aide€financi re€auxÐ ô Ð tudiants.€€As€a€result€of€the€1997€and€1998€legislative€amendments,€the€appellant€wasÐ Œ ( Ðbeing€charged€interest€on€his€loan€that,€under€the€certificate€signed€in€1996,€was€supposedÐ $ À Ðto€have€been€paid€by€the€Minister.€€Ý ƒ % Ñýeh €h ÝŒÐ ¼ X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¾k Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú10Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOn€August7,€1998,€the€appellant€repaid€the€principal€of€the€loan€and€paid,Ð ì ˆ Ðwithout€prejudice,€$308.53€for€the€interest€accrued€from€June1€to€August6,1998.€Ý ƒ % Ñý¾k Ùk ÝŒÐ „ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý;m Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú11Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€appellant€was€authorized€to€institute,€on€behalf€of€himself€and€otherÐ ´ P Ðstudents€forming€a€specific€group,€a€class€action€against€the€respondent,€the€AttorneyÐ L è ÐGeneral€of€Quebec,€seeking€reimbursement€of€the€interest€paid€on€the€loans€that€had€beenÐ ä € Ðgranted€(ò òDikranian€v.€Qu bec€(Minist re€de€lð ð ducation)ó ó,€[1999]€Q.J.€No.2086€(QL)Ð |! " Ð(Sup.€Ct.),€ò òper€ó óL vesqueJ.).€€He€argued€that€Quebecð ðs€Minist re€de€lð ð ducation€had€toÐ #° $ Ðpay€that€interest€in€accordance€with€the€loan€certificate€issued€before€the€legislativeÐ ¬$H & Ðamendments€were€passed.€Ý ƒ % Ñý;m Vm ÝŒÐ D&à ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌ3.ò òJudicial€Historyó óÐ t) #, ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÖp Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú12Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOn€December13,€2001,€JournetJ.€of€the€Superior€Court€dismissed€theÐ ¤,@&0 Ðappellantð ðsaction.€€On€January27,2004,€a€majority€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€dismissed€hisÐ

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€€En€vertu€du€par. 223(3),€un€certificat€enregistr €aupr sÐ "€ Ðde€la€Cour€f d rale€est€r put € tre€un€jugement€de€cette€cour.€€Comme€le€note€leÐ œ# " ÐjugeRothstein€au€par. 35:Ý ƒ % Ñý ô "ô ÝŒÐ 4%° $ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 V àUne€sommation€de€payer€en€vertu€de€lð ðarticle224€(mod.€par€L.C.€1994,Ð d(à ( Ðch.21,€art.€101)€est€analogue€ €une€ordonnance€de€saisie-arr t€rendue€par€uneÐ 0)¬ ) Ðcour.€[...]€La€saisie€et€la€vente€de€biens€meubles€pr vue[s]€auÐ ü)x!* Ðparagraphe225(1)€est€une€disposition€similaire€ €un€bref€dð ðex cution€d livr Ð È*D"+ Ðpar€un€tribunal.Ó ÓÐ ”+ #, V Ð V Ð ÐÌEn€lui€accordant€le€pouvoir€de€recouvrer€les€cr ances€fiscales€de€cette€fa on,€le€l gislateurÐ Ä.

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Ðin€Respect€of€a€Cause€of€Actionð ð?ó óÓ ÓÐ „ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý§Ì Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú23Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€application€of€s.€32€is€limited€to€ð ðproceedings€by€or€against€the€CrownÐ 8!´ Ðin€respect€of€a€cause€of€actionð ð.€Ý ƒ % Ñý§Ì ÂÌ ÝŒÐ Ð"L ! ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýùÍ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àInterpreted€in€their€grammatical€and€ordinary€sense,€these€words€clearlyÐ &| % Ðencompass€the€statutory€collection€procedures€in€the€ò òITAó ó.€€Although€the€wordÐ ˜' ' Ðð ðproceedingð ð€is€often€used€in€the€context€of€an€action€in€court,€its€definition€is€moreÐ 0)¬ ) Ðexpansive.€€The€Manitoba€Court€of€Appeal€stated€in€ò òRoyce€v.€MacDonald€(Municipality)Ð È*D"+ Ðó ó(1909),€12€W.L.R.€347,€at€p.€350,€that€the€ð ðword€ð ðproceedingð ð€has€a€very€wide€meaning,Ð `,Ü#- Ðand€includes€steps€or€measures€which€are€not€in€any€way€connected€with€actions€orÐ ø-t%/ Ðsuitsð ð.€€In€ò òBlackð ðs€Law€Dictionary€ó ó(6th€ed.€1990),€at€p.€1204,€the€definition€ofÐ / '1 Ðð ðproceedingð ð€includes,€ò òinter€aliaó ó,€ð ðan€act€necessary€to€be€done€in€order€to€obtain€a€givenÐ „ Ðend;€a€prescribed€mode€of€action€for€carrying€into€effect€a€legal€rightð ð.Ý ƒ % ÑýùÍ Î ÝŒÐ ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý}Ò Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€statutory€collection€procedures€closely€resemble€various€proceedings€inÐ L È Ðcourt.€€The€registration€of€a€certificate€in€Federal€Court€is€deemed€by€s.€223(3)€to€be€aÐ ä ` Ðjudgment€of€that€court.€€As€Rothstein€J.A.€notes€at€para.€35:Ý ƒ % Ñý}Ò ˜Ò ÝŒÐ | ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àA€requirement€to€pay€under€section€224€(as€am.€by€S.C.€1994,€c.€21,€s.€101)Ð ¬ ( Ðis€analogous€to€a€garnishing€order€issued€by€a€court.€.€.€.€Seizure€and€sale€ofÐ x ô Ðchattels€under€subsection€225(1)€is€a€provision€closely€parallel€to€a€writ€ofÐ D À Ðexecution€issued€by€a€court.Ó ÓÐ Œ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌBy€granting€the€power€to€effect€the€collection€of€tax€debts€in€this€manner,€Parliament€hasÐ @ ¼ Ðprovided€the€Minister€with€an€efficient€and€expeditious€alternative€to€bringing€a€courtÐ Ø T Ðaction.€€However,€the€court€and€non„court€collection€procedures€are€identical€in€purpose.€Ð p ì ÐBoth€are€mechanisms€by€which€the€Minister€is€able€to€enforce€the€collection€of€tax€debtsÐ „ Ðand€thereby€carry€into€effect€the€legal€rights€of€the€Crown.€€It€is€evident€that€both€kindsÐ Ðof€procedures€are€appropriately€characterized€as€legal€proceedings.Ð 8!´ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýdØ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú26Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€appellantð ðs€submission€turns€on€whether€thes

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€€Apr s€avoir€tent ,€enÐ l ð Ðvain,€de€r int grer€son€poste,€il€d pose€une€plainte€aupr s€de€la€Commission€des€droitsÐ ˆ Ðde€la€personne€et€des€droits€de€la€jeunesse,€all guant€avoir€ t €cong di €du€seul€fait€deÐ œ Ðsa€d claration€de€culpabilit ,€en€contravention€de€lð ðart.

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Ðon€parole.€€After€trying€to€resume€his€position,€without€success,he€filed€a€complaint€withÐ Ô X Ðthe€Commission€des€droits€de€la€personne€et€des€droits€de€la€jeunesse,€alleging€that€heÐ l ð Ðhad€been€dismissed€owing€to€the€mere€fact€of€having€been€convicted€of€an€offence,Ð ˆ Ðcontrary€to€s.18.2€of€the€ò òCharter€of€Human€Rights€and€Freedomsó ó.€€The€Quebec€HumanÐ œ ÐRights€Tribunal€ruled€in€favour€of€the€complaint.€€The€Court€of€Appeal€reversed€thatÐ 4 ¸ Ðdecision.Ð Ì P ÐÌà œ àò òHeldó ó:€€The€appeal€should€be€dismissed.€€Section€18.2€of€the€ò òCharteró ó€does€notÐ ü!€ Ðprotect€an€employee€from€dismissal€where€the€real€reason€is€the€fact€that€the€employeeÐ ”# " Ðis€not€available€for€work€because€he€or€she€happens€to€be€incarcerated.Ð ,%° $ ÐÌà œ àò òPeró ó€Gonthier,€Iacobucci,€Binnie,€Arbour,€LeBel€and€Deschamps€JJ.:€€ThereÐ \(à ( Ðis€a€significant€difference€between€the€scope€of€s.18.2€and€the€scope€of€s.10€of€theÐ ô)x!* Ðò òCharteró ó.€€Protection€against€discrimination€based€on€criminal€record€applies€only€inÐ Œ+ #, Ðrespect€of€employment€and€covers€only€those€cases€in€which€the€criminal€record€is€theÐ $-¨$. Ðonly€basis€for€the€decision€or€the€action€taken.€€Section€18.2€contains€its€own€rulesÐ ¼.@&0 Ðgoverning€justification,€and€accordingly€does€not€require€resort€to€s.20€of€the€ò òCharter.Ð T0Ø'2 Ðó óIf€the€person€has€obtained€a€pardon€for€the€offence€committed,€whether€or€not€the€offenceÐ | Ðwas€connected€with€the€employment,€the€protection€is€absolute.€€Moreover,€if€there€is€noÐ ˜ Ðconnection€between€the€criminal€record€and€the€employment,€the€protection€is€alsoÐ ¬ 0 Ðcomplete.€€The€finding€that€there€has€been€an€infringement€of€the€right€to€equality€resultsÐ D È Ðdirectly€from€the€differential€treatment.€€The€employeeð ðs€abilities€or€potentialÐ Ü ` Ðcontribution€to€the€business€are€not€relevant.€€In€the€context€of€an€independentÐ t ø Ðjustification€mechanism€being€provided€in€s.18.2,€the€ð ðreasonable€accommodationð ðÐ Ðstandard€established€in€ò òMeiorinó ó€in€relation€to€ò òbona€fideó ó€occupational€requirements€playsÐ ¤ ( Ðno€role.Ð

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€€La€nature€et€Ô_ Ôlð ðimportanceÔ_ Ô€de€Ô_ Ôlð ðint r tÔ_ Ô€des€bandes€appelantes€dans€cesÐ $ Ðterres€avant€1938€ainsi€que€Ô_ Ôlð ðinterventionÔ_ Ô€de€la€Couronne€en€tant€Ô_ Ôquð ðinterm diaireÔ_ ÔÐ ¼ ( Ðexclusif€aupr s€des€tiers,€y€compris€la€province,€ont€impos € €la€Couronne€une€obligationÐ T À Ðde€fiduciaire,€mais€il€Ô_ Ônð ðyÔ_ Ô€a€aucune€raison€justifiant€de€conclure€que€les€obligations€deÐ ì X Ðloyaut ,€de€bonne€foi€et€de€communication€compl te€de€Ô_ Ôlð ðinformationÔ_ Ô€eu€ gard€auxÐ „ ð Ðcirconstances€Ô_ Ônð ðontÔ_ Ô€pas€ t €respect es.

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Ðequitable€conduct€by€the€claimant€and€are€always€subject€to€the€discretion€of€the€court.€Ð Ô-@&0 ÐÐ l/Ø'2 Ðà « àBoth€branches€of€the€doctrine€of€laches€and€acquiescence€are€applicable€inÐ ” Ðthis€case:€€conduct€equivalent€to€a€waiver€is€found€in€the€declarations,€representations€andÐ , ˜ Ðfailures€to€assert€the€alleged€rights€in€circumstances€that€required€assertion;€andÐ Ä 0 Ðprosecution€of€the€claim€would,€in€each€case,€be€unreasonable€because€each€band€reliedÐ \ È Ðon€the€ò òstatus€quoó ó€and€improved€its€reserve€under€the€understanding€that€the€other€bandÐ ô ` Ðmade€no€further€claim.€€All€of€this€was€done€with€sufficient€knowledge€of€the€underlyingÐ Œ ø Ðfacts€relevant€to€a€possible€claim.Ð $ ÐÌà « àOn€the€evidence,€no€fiduciary€duty€has€been€breached€and€no€ð ðequitableð ðÐ T À Ðremedy€is€available€either€to€dispossess€an€incumbent€band€that€is€entitled€to€theÐ ì X Ðbeneficial€interest,€or€to€require€the€Crown€to€pay€ð ðequitableð ð€compensation€for€itsÐ „ ð Ðrefusal€to€bring€about€such€a€wrongful€dispossession.€Ð ˆ ÐÌò òÔ& ` ÔApplication€of€Limitation€Periodsó óÐ L ¸ ÐÌà « àIn€any€event,€the€appellant€bandsð ð€claims€are€barred€by€the€expiry€of€theÐ | è ÐÔ' ` L ËZ Ôapplicable€limitation€periods.€€Section€39(1)€of€the€ò òFederal€Court€Actó ó€incorporates€byÐ !€ Ðreference€the€applicable€British€Columbia€limitation€legislation.€€The€Campbell€RiverÐ ¬" " ÐBandð ðs€claim€for€possession€of€Reserve12€was€complete€no€later€than€in€1938€and€wasÐ D$° $ Ðsubject€to€a€20-year€limitations€period€under€s.16€of€the€1897€B.C.€ò òStatute€ofÐ Ü%H & ÐLimitationsó ó.€€The€Cape€Mudge€Bandð ðs€claim€for€possession€of€Reserve11€arose€whenÐ t'à ( Ðthe€Campbell€River€Band€went€into€possession€of€that€reserve€prior€to€1888€and€wasÐ )x!* Ðextinguished€around€the€time€the€band€signed€the€1907€Resolution.€€Even€if€the€runningÐ ¤* #, Ðof€the€limitation€periods€was€postponed€due€to€a€lack€of€pertinent€information,€allÐ

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153(QL),€2004BCPC22.Ð ü ˜ ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýZ¸ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú18Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àB.V.N.€a€interjet €appel€aupr s€de€la€Cour€dð ðappel€de€laÐ , È ÐColombie-Britannique,€reprochant€notamment€au€juge€charg €de€la€d termination€de€laÐ Ä ` Ðpeine€de€sð ð tre€fond € €tort€sur€le€principe€de€la€dissuasion€g n rale.

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Ðin€part,€deleting€certain€conditions€that€have€no€relevance€here.€€Oppal€J.A.,€in€concurringÐ Ô/p)4 Ðreasons,€agreed€that€the€principle€of€general€deterrence€is€still€applicable,€ò òalbeitó ó€on€aÐ d Ðsomewhat€more€limited€basis.€€B.V.N.€appeals€to€this€Court,€arguing€that€the€courtsÐ ü ˜ Ðbelow€fell€into€error€in€considering€general€deterrence€as€a€relevant€factor€and€submittingÐ ” 0 Ðthat€a€different€result€would€have€been€reached€had€this€error€not€been€made.Ý ƒ 0 ÑýKŽ fŽ ÝŒÐ , È ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ ? Ü , ‚X ž « ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ ? Ó3.à0 ž àò òDeterrence€and€the€ò òYCJAó óó óÐ \ ø ž Ð ž Ð ÐÌ3.1à0 ž àò òThe€YCJA:€A€New€Sentencing€Regimeó óÐ Œ ( ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ C Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž « ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü” C ÓÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý – Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú19Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€ò òYCJAó ó€came€into€force€on€April€1,€2003.€€Notably,€Parliament€did€notÐ ¼ X Ðsimply€amend€its€predecessor,€the€ò òYOAó ó,€it€repealed€it.€€The€ò òYCJAó ó€is€a€complex€piece€ofÐ T ð Ðlegislation€that€has€substantially€changed€the€Canadian€youth€justice€system€at€variousÐ ì ˆ Ðstages€of€the€process€including:€at€the€front€end,€by€encouraging€greater€use€of€theÐ „ Ðdiversionary€programs;€at€bail€hearings,€by€substantially€limiting€pre„trial€detention;€andÐ ¸ Ðin€the€adult€sentencing€process,€by€the€presumptive€application€of€adult€sentences€forÐ ´ P Ðsome€of€the€most€serious€offences.€€Most€of€all,€the€ò òYCJAó ó€brought€about€substantial€Ð L è Ðchanges€in€the€general€youth€sentencing€process.€€The€statute€provides€more€specificÐ ä € Ðguidance€to€judges.€€Detailed€sentencing€principles€are€expressly€set€out.€€SentencingÐ |! " Ðoptions€are€more€regulated.€€Factors€to€be€taken€into€account€are€spelled€out.€€MandatoryÐ #° $ Ðrestrictions€are€placed€on€the€use€of€custodial€sentences.€€The€new€sentencing€provisionsÐ ¬$H & Ðhave€been€characterized€as€ð ðthe€most€systematic€attempt€in€Canadian€history€to€structureÐ D&à ( Ðjudicial€discretion€regarding€the€sentencing€of€juvenilesð ð:€€J.€V.€Roberts€and€N.€Bala,Ð Ü'x!* Ðð ðUnderstanding€Sentencing€Under€the€ò òYouth€Criminal€Justice€Actó óð ð€(2003),€41€ò òAlta.€L.Ð t) #, ÐRev.ó ó€395,€at€p.€396.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý – – ÝŒÐ +¨$. ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýäœ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú20Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àCounsel€for€both€appellants€and€respondents€spent€much€time€on€theseÐ

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ó óÐ Á ` ÐÌÔ ‡ X %† X X X %† Ôà œ àð ð€compter€dð ðavril€1985,€lð ðaccus €a,€en€sa€qualit €dð ðavocat,Ô # † X %† X X X %†t # Ô€fait€desÐ ñ Ðd marches€aupr s€de€divers€niveaux€de€gouvernement€pour€le€compte€de€deux€soci t sÏdans€le€but€dð ðobtenir€des€subventions.Ô ‡ X %† X X X %† Ô€€Il€a€poursuivi€ces€activit s€apr s€sa€nominationÐ !

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¡j ÓÌà „ àÝ ‚ ³¹ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ³¹âk ÝÔ2 *e ÔÚ Ú13Ú Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 Ü àÝ Ý€à ž àà œ àà ø àThe€positions€of€the€parties€on€this€point€can€be€easily€summarized.€Ð } ÐThe€appellant€has€submitted€that€the€wording€of€the€section€is€quite€clear€and€shouldÏnot€be€deviated€from.€€In€order€for€the€Crown€to€prove€the€ò òmens€reaó ó€required€by€theÐ L ! Ðsection,€it€must€establish€nothing€more€than€that€an€accused€possessed€an€intentionÏto€commit€the€acts€therein,€combined€with€a€knowledge€of€all€relevant€circumstances.€ÏOn€the€other€hand,€the€respondent€submits€that€s.€121(1)(ò òaó ó)€requires€a€finding€ofÐ u% ' Ðð ðcorruptionð ð,€and€that€the€Crown€must€establish€that€an€accused€received€the€benefitÐ '¬ ) Ðò òas€a€result€of€his€or€her€position€as€government€employeeó ó.€€The€employee€must€alsoÐ ¥(D"+ Ðknow€that€this€was€the€reason€why€the€benefit€was€conferred.€€Additionally,€it€wasÏargued€that€absent€this€mental€element,€the€crime€would€be€one€of€strict€liability.Ý ƒ ³¹âk l ÝŒÐ Ü Ð Ü Ð Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ m- '1 Ðà „ àÝ ‚ ³¹ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ³¹¨p ÝÔ2 *e ÔÚ Ú14Ú Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 Ü àÝ Ý€à ž àà œ àà ø àI€shall€deal€with€the€last€point€first,€as€I€believe€it€is€the€most€easilyÐ a Ðâ âdisposed€of.€As€I€recently€stated€for€a€majority€of€the€Court€in€ò òR.€v.€Hincheyó ó,€[1996]Ð ù ˜ Ð3€S.C.R.€1128,€at€para.€3,€it€is€clear€that€an€intention€to€commit€a€prohibited€actÏcombined€with€knowledge€of€the€relevant€circumstances€is€an€accepted€form€ofÏcriminal€œculpabilityÔ CE. , US. , k ÔÔ # † X Õ¼ X X X ï.ÿj # ÔÔ ‡ X Õ¼ X X X Õ¼ Ô,›€and€that€this€should€not€be€equated€with€a€strict€liability€offence:Ý ƒ ³¹¨p Óp ÝŒÐ Á ` Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ US. , CE. , ÔÓ Óà0 ž àà0 œ ž Ð ž Ð àQuite€simply,€this€offence€cannot€be€one€of€strict€liability€as€it€requires€aÏò òbona€fideó ó€mental€element.€€At€a€minimum,€the€charge€given€to€the€juryÐ ½ \ Ðrequired€they€find€that€the€appellant€possessed€an€intention€to€commit€aÏprohibited€act,€while€having€subjective€knowledge€of€the€circumstances.€€AsÏDoherty€J.A.€recognized€when€dealing€with€this€very€offence€in€ò òR.€v.Ð ! À ÐGreenwoodó ó€(1991),€8€C.R.€(4th)€235€(Ont.€C.A.),€at€pp.€255„56:Ð í Œ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÓ ßs ÓÓ ÓÌà0 ž àà0 œ ž Ð ž Ð àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà Ü àA€conscious€choice€to€perform€a€prohibited€act,€combined€withÏknowledge€that€all€or€at€least€some€of€the€relevant€circumstances€exist,Ïis€a€well„recognized€form€of€criminal€culpability:€see€ò òR.€v.€SaultÐ ¼ ÐSte.Marie€(Cityó ó),€supra,€at€p.€1324€œ(S.C.R.).€.€.ñ = ñ€ñ = ñ;›€A.€W.€Mewett€andÐ é ˆ ÐM.Manning,€ò òCriminal€Lawó ó€„„€2d.€ed.€(Toro

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S-26,€nð ðobligeait€pas€non€plus€les€intim s€ €signifier€lð ðavis€dð ðappel€ €la€premi reÏnation€Sagkeeng€tant€et€aussi€longtemps€quð ðelle€nð ðaurait€pas€obtenu€aupr s€dð ðun€juge€deÐ l/Ø'2 Ðnotre€Cour€une€ordonnance€lð ðautorisant€ €intervenir,€ €la€suite€dð ðune€demande€fond e€surÏlð ðart.

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Ðhis€mother€to€British€Columbia€where,€eventually,€he€came€into€the€care€of€the€BritishÏColumbia€Ministry€of€Children€and€Families€(as€it€now€is).Ý ƒ % Ñý› ¶ ÝŒÐ l/Ø'2 ÐŒÝ ÝÔ # † X -¦ X X X -¦U # ÔÔ ‡ X -¦ X X X -¦ ÔÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý× Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú3Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€trial€judge€found€that€both€the€applicant€and€the€respondents€wereÐ , ˜ Ðsincere€and€loving€grandparents€and€each€were€capable€of€offering€a€good€home€toÏÔ_ ÔIshmaelÔ_ Ô.€€In€his€reasons,€he€gave€considerable€emphasis€to€the€aboriginal€heritage€ofÏÔ_ ÔIshmaelÔ_ Ôð ðs€motherð ðs€side.€€He€said€that€ð ðaboriginal€heritage€and€the€ability€of€hisÏbiological€grandfather€to€preserve€and€enhance€it€are€important€considerationsð ð€(para.Ï46),€and€that€the€claims€of€the€applicant€to€custody€were€soundly€based€on€ð ðties€ofÏblood,€his€obvious€love€and€affection€for€Ô_ ÔIshmaelÔ_ Ô,€his€aboriginal€heritage,€[and]€hisÏdemonstrated€ability€to€provide€a€home€and€care€for€his€familyð ð€(para.€49).€€At€theÏsame€time,€the€trial€judge€extensively€reviewed€the€other€circumstances€of€the€parties,Ïincluding€the€stability€of€the€respective€homes,€and€concluded€that€ð ð[Ô_ Ôt]heÔ_ Ô€submissionÏthat€Ô_ ÔIshmaelÔ_ Ôð ðs€aboriginal€heritage€is€virtually€a€determining€factor€here,€oversimplifiesÏa€very€complex€caseð ð€(para.€47).€€The€trial€judge€did€not€agree€that€an€order€grantingÏcustody€of€Ô_ ÔIshmaelÔ_ Ô€to€the€respondents€would€uproot€him€from€his€culture.€€Ô_ ÔIshmaelÔ_ Ô€isÏAfrican„American€on€his€putative€fatherð ðs€side,€aboriginal€Canadian€on€his€motherð ðsÏside,€and€has€lived€a€significant€part€of€his€life€with€his€adoptive€grandparents,€who€areÏneither.€€As€the€trial€judge€said,€ð ð[Ô_ Ôt]hisÔ_ Ô€is€not€a€case€of€taking€an€aboriginal€child€andÏplacing€him€with€a€non„aboriginal€family€in€complete€disregard€for€his€culture€andÏheritage.€€The€fact€is€that€Melissa€is€the€[adopted]€daughter€of€[the€respondents]€andÏÔ_ ÔIshmaelÔ_ Ô€is€their€grandsonð ð€(para.€46).Ý ƒ % Ñý× ò ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý ( Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú4Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€trial€judgment€was€reversed€by€the€Court€of€Appeal,€which€putÐ )x!* Ðemphasis€on€the€apparent€stability€at€the€time€of€the€appeal€of€the€relationship€betweenÏthe€applicant€and€Ô_ ÔJ.S.Ô_ Ô,€and€the€fact€Ô_ ÔIshmaelÔ_ Ô€appeared€ð ðwell€integrated€into€the€familyÏunit€of€[the€applicant],€Ô_ ÔJ.S.Ô_ Ô,€and€their€daughter,€Ô_ ÔSharleenÔ_ ÔÔ # † X -¦ X X X -¦· # ÔÔ ‡ X -¦ X X X -¦ Ô.€.€.€.€€Ô_ ÔJ.S.Ô_ Ô€is€proving€to€be€aÐ Ô-@&0 Ðresource€of€stability€to€[the

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€€Le€12Ð œ ÐaoðE ðt€1991,€il€d pose€une€plainte€aupr s€de€lð ðappelante,€la€Commission€des€droits€de€laÐ 4 ¸ Ðpersonne€et€des€droits€de€la€jeunesse€(ð ð€Commission€ð ð),€all guant€avoir€ t €cong di Ð Ì P Ðdu€seul€fait€de€sa€d claration€de€culpabilit ,€en€contravention€de€lð ðart.

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ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýòj Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú3Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àOn€July29,1991,€Mr.Roy€tried€to€resume€his€position,€without€success.€OnÐ l ð ÐAugust12,1991,€he€filed€a€complaint€with€the€appellant,€Commission€des€droits€de€laÐ ˆ Ðpersonne€et€des€droits€de€la€jeunesse€(ð ðCommissionð ð),€alleging€that€he€had€beenÐ œ Ðdismissed€owing€to€the€mere€fact€of€having€been€convicted€of€an€offence,€contrary€toÐ 4 ¸ Ðs.18.2€of€the€ò òQuebec€Charteró ó.€€That€section€reads€as€follows:Ý ƒ % Ñýòj k ÝŒÐ Ì P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àò ò18.2.€ó ó€No€one€may€dismiss,€refuse€to€hire€or€otherwise€penalize€a€person€inÐ ü!€ Ðhis€employment€owing€to€the€mere€fact€that€he€was€convicted€of€a€penal€orÐ È"L ! Ðcriminal€offence,€if€the€offence€was€in€no€way€connected€with€theÐ ”# " Ðemployment€or€if€the€person€has€obtained€a€pardon€for€the€offence.Ó m ÓÐ `$ä # « Ð « Ð ÐÌThe€Commission€investigated€and€proposed€that€the€employer€take€remedial€measures.Ð ' ' ÐNo€agreement€was€reached.€€The€Commission€applied€to€the€Human€Rights€TribunalÐ ()¬ ) Ð(ð ðTribunalð ð)€for€redress€against€Maksteel€and€its€Vice-President€of€Finance,Ð À*D"+ ÐMichaelGareau.Ð X,Ü#- Ðâ âÐ ð-t%/ ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÁp Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú4Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€Tribunal€was€of€the€opinion€that€s.18.2€of€the€ò òQuebec€Charteró ó€is€anÐ | Ðâ âexpression€of€recognition€for€the€rights€of€individuals€with€a€criminal€record€to€work,€toÐ ˜ Ðbe€protected€from€discrimination€in€employment€and€to€be€reintegrated€into€society.€€ItÐ ¬ 0 Ðobserved€that€every€provision€of€the€ò òQuebec€Charteró ó€must€be€given€a€large€and€liberal,Ð D È Ðpurposive€interpretation.€€The€Tribunal€then€found€that€s.18.2€protects€the€employmentÐ Ü ` Ðof€a€person€who€is€incarcerated.€€In€its€view,€because€imprisonment€is€the€direct€result€ofÐ t ø Ða€conviction,€the€actual€cause€of€the€dismissal€is€the€conviction€itself.€€The€TribunalÐ Ðconcluded€that€this€was€a€case€of€indirect€discrimination€which€gave€rise€to€a€duty€toÐ ¤ ( Ðmake€reasonable€accommodation,€and€that€the€respondents€had€failed€to€discharge€thatÐ

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May:€Ý ƒ % ÑýÈ ã ÝŒÐ ð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à[ò òtraductionó ó]€Je€me€suis€renseign e€aupr s€du€bureau€r gional€du€SCC€ Ð ÐAbbotsford€(C.-B.)€et,€par€lð ðinterm diaire€de€Mò òmeó óAnneKelly,€aupr s€deÐ ì \ Ðlð ðadministration€centrale€ €Ottawa.

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ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýèQ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú102Ú ÚÛ € z f Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Security€Reclassification€Scale€(ð ðSRSð ð)€is€a€computer€application€thatÐ l+Ü#- Ðprovides€a€security€rating€based€on€data€entered€with€respect€to€various€factors€relatedÐ -t%/ Ðto€the€assessment€of€risk:€(1)€the€seriousness€of€the€offence€committed€by€the€offender;Ð œ. '1 Ð(2)€the€existence€of€outstanding€charges€against€the€offender;€(3)€the€offenderð ðsÐ 40¤(3 Ðperformance€and€behaviour€while€under€sentence;€(4)€the€offenderð ðs€social,€criminalÐ Ðand,€if€applicable,€young„offender€history;€(5)€any€physical€or€mental€illness€or€disorderÐ ( ˜ Ðsuffered;€(6)€the€offenderð ðs€potential€for€violent€behaviour;€and€(7)€the€offenderð ðsÐ À 0 Ðcontinued€involvement€in€criminal€activities.€€The€SRS€scale€has€been€developed€toÐ X È Ðassist€caseworkers€to€determine€the€most€appropriate€level€of€security€at€key€pointsÐ ð ` Ðthroughout€the€offenderð ðs€sentence:€SOP€700„14,€at€paras.€18„19.Ý ƒ 0 ÑýèQ R ÝŒÐ ˆ ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý·V Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú103Ú ÚÛ € z g Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€SRS€is€completed€by€assigning€scores€to€several€factors€assessing€theÐ ¸ ( Ðoffenderð ðs€security€risk€and€custody€performance.€The€SRS€provides€numerical€ð ðcut„offÐ P À Ðlevelsð ð€which€determine€a€security€rating.€If€the€officer€completing€the€review€does€notÐ è X Ðagree€with€the€results€provided€by€the€SRS,€he€or€she€€may€override€the€results€and€giveÐ € ð Ða€different€security€classification.€The€override€provisions€are€incorporated€in€the€SRSÐ ˆ Ðas€a€meanÔf ÔÔg ÔsÔf ÔÔg Ô€to€address€factors€that€may€compel€the€transfer€of€an€offender€to€a€securityÐ ° Ðlevel€that€is€different€from€the€one€obtained€through€the€computer€application:€Ð H ¸ ÐSOP700„14,€at€para.€20.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý·V ÒV ÝŒÐ à P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýZ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú104Ú ÚÛ € z h Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€appellants€acted€diligently€in€requesting€more€information€on€the€SRSÐ !€ Ðincluding€its€scoring€matrix.€The€matrix€contains€the€information€that€would€allowÐ ¨" " Ðthem€to€understand€how€the€numerical€results€were€arrived€at.€This€tool€is€necessaryÐ @$° $ Ðin€order€to€determine€if€there€had€been€an€error€in€assigning€scores€to€the€variousÐ Ø%H & Ðfactors€and€to€evaluate€the€accuracy€of€the€final€computerized€score€that€was€generated.€Ð p'à ( ÐÝ ƒ 0 ÑýZ ÈZ ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýg] Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú105Ú ÚÛ € z i Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€the€courts€below,€the€respondents€claimed€that€the€scoring€matrix€wasÐ * #, Ðnot€available.€The€chambers€judge€accept

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Ðdes€communes€de€Grande-Bretagne€et€celle€du€Canada€avaient€toutes€deux€le€ò òpouvoiró óÐ Ô)D"+ ÐÔ_ Ôdð ðembaucherÔ_ Ô€et€de€cong dier€leurs€employ s,€mais€cela€ne€prouve€pas€Ô_ Ôquð ðilÔ_ Ô€estÐ l+Ü#- Ðn cessaire€que€ces€actes€soient€ò òimmunis só ó€contre€tout€contrð= ðle€judiciaire€en€applicationÐ -t%/ Ðâ âde€la€doctrine€du€privil ge€parlementaire.€€Tant€Ô_ Ôlð ðart.Ô_ Ô18€de€la€ò òLoi€constitutionnelle€deÐ œ. '1 Ð1867ó ó€que€Ô_ Ôlð ðart.Ô_ Ô4€de€la€ò òLoi€sur€le€Parlement€du€Canada€ó ó tablissent€des€distinctionsÐ Ðentre€les€ð ðprivil ges,€Ô_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ Ôimmunit sÔ_ Ô€et€Ô_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔpouvoirsÔ_ Ôð ð€du€Ô_ ÔParlement.Ô_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÝ ƒ 0 Ñý‡ ¢ ÝŒÐ ( ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÚ• Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú57Ú ÚÛ € z 9 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLes€avocats€ont€port € €Ô_ Ôlð ðattentionÔ_ Ô€de€la€Cour€plusieurs€documentsÐ X È Ðhistoriques€qui€ tablissent€selon€eux€Ô_ Ôlð ðexistenceÔ_ Ô€Ô_ Ôdð ðunÔ_ Ô€tel€privil ge€en€Grande-BretagneÐ ð ` Ðavant€1867,€ainsi€que€Ô_ Ôlð ðexistenceÔ_ Ô€de€ce€privil ge€ici€au€Canada.€€Plus€particuli rement,Ð ˆ ø Ðla€ò òHouse€of€Commons€(Offices)€Act,€1812€ó ó(R.-U.),€52Geo.Ô_ Ô3,Ô_ Ô€ch.11,€autorise€le€d pð= ðtÐ ÐÔ_ Ôdð ðuneÔ_ Ô€plainte€aupr s€du€pr sident€de€la€Chambre€pour€[ò òtraductionó ó]€ð ðinconduite€ouÐ ¸ ( Ðincomp tence€Ô_ Ôdð ðunÔ_ Ô€greffier,€Ô_ Ôdð ðunÔ_ Ô€employ ,€Ô_ Ôdð ðunÔ_ Ô€officier,€Ô_ Ôdð ðunÔ_ Ô€messager€ou€Ô_ Ôdð ðunÔ_ Ô€autreÐ P À Ðserviteur€travaillant€pour€la€Chambre€des€communesð ð,€et€conf re€au€pr sident€le€droitÐ è X Ðde€suspendre€de€leurs€fonctions€ou€de€d mettre€les€personnes€reconnues€coupablesÐ € ð ÐÔ_ Ôdð ðuneÔ_ Ô€telle€inconduite.€Cette€loi€est€cens e€codifier€la€pratique€en€vigueur€ €Ô_ Ôlð ð poqueÔ_ ÔÐ ˆ Ðde€son€adoption.€Dans€le€contexte€canadien,€r f rence€a€ t €faite€ €Ô_ Ôlð ðò òActeÔ_ Ô€concernantÐ ° ÐÔ_ Ôlð ð conomieÔ_ Ô€Int rieure€de€la€Chambre€des€Communes€et€pour€Ô_ Ôdð ðautresÔ_ Ô€Ô_ ÔfinsÔ_ ÔÔ_ Ôó ó,€S.C.Ô_ Ô1868,Ð H ¸ Ðch.27,€dont€le€libell €est€analogue€ €celui€de€la€loi€britannique€pr cit e.Ý ƒ 0 ÑýÚ• õ• ÝŒÐ à P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýî Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú58Ú ÚÛ € z : Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ_ ÔLð ðarticleÔ_ Ô151€du€ò òR glement€de€la€Chambre€des€communesó ó,€qui€Ô_ Ônð ðaÔ_ Ô€pas€ t Ð !€ Ðmodifi €depuis€son€adoption€en€1867,€pr voit€ce€qui€suit:Ý ƒ 0 Ñýî ž ÝŒÐ ¨" " ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àò òLe€Greffier€de€la€Chambreó ó€est€responsable€de€la€garde€de€tous€lesÐ Ø%H & Ðdocuments€et€archives€de€la€Chambre€et€a€la€direction€et€ò òle€contrð= ðle€duÐ ¤& ' Ðpersonnel€des€bureauxó ó,€sous€r serve€des€i

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Ðso,€these€services€are€not€treated€as€protected€by€privilege.ó ó€€[EmphasisÐ )x!* Ðadded;€para.€Ô_ Ô246.]Ô_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÐ Ô)D"+ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÓ Ó...Ô_ ÔÐ l+Ü#- ÐÓ EJ ÓÌà0 œ àà ø àò òIt€follows€that€management€functions€relating€to€the€provision€ofÐ -t%/ Ðservices€in€either€House€are€only€exceptionally€subject€to€privilege.ó óÐ Ð-@&0 Ð[Emphasis€added;€para.€Ô_ Ô248.]Ô_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÓ ÓÔ_ ÔÐ œ. '1 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÔ_ ÔÐ 40¤(3 ÐI€have€already€referred€to€the€British€Joint€Committeeð ðs€view€that€it€ð ðwould€be€goingÐ Ðtoo€farð ð€to€hold€that€ð ða€dispute€over€the€Ô_ Ô...Ô_ Ô€dismissal€of€a€cleaner€could€not€be€decidedÐ ( ˜ Ðby€a€court€or€industrial€tribunal€in€the€ordinary€wayð ð€(para.€241).Ð À 0 ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý~M Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú62Ú ÚÛ € z > Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€is€clear€from€these€observations€that,€in€the€U.K.,€the€management€ofÐ ð ` Ðò òsomeó ó€employees€would€be€covered€by€privilege€but€only€if€a€connection€wereÐ ˆ ø Ðestablished€between€that€category€of€employees€and€the€exercise€by€the€House€of€itsÐ Ðfunctions€as€a€legislative€and€deliberative€assembly,€including€its€role€in€holding€theÐ ¸ ( Ðgovernment€to€account.€€A€privilege€in€those€terms€would€be€considerably€narrowerÐ P À Ðthan€that€claimed€by€the€appellants.Ý ƒ Ñý~M ™M ÝŒÐ è X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýhP Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú63Ú ÚÛ € z ? Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€appellants€also€rely€on€the€opinion€of€the€English€Court€of€Kingð ðsÐ ˆ ÐBench€in€ò òR.€v.€GrahamÔ_ Ô„Campbell;Ô_ Ô€Ex€parte€Herbertó ó,€[1935]€1€K.B.€594.€€In€that€case,Ð ° Ðthe€satirist€A.€P.€Herbert€(author€of€ò òUncommon€Lawó ó€and€other€parodies)€laid€anÐ H ¸ Ðinformation€against€fifteen€Members€of€Parliament,€and€a€House€employee,€for€servingÐ à P Ðalcohol€in€the€Palace€of€Westminster€without€a€licence.€€In€a€brief€five€paragraphÐ x è Ðjudgment,€Lord€Hewart€stated€that€the€ð ðinternal€affairsð ð€of€the€House€included€theÐ !€ Ðservice€of€alcohol€and€that€in€any€event€the€Licensing€Acts€were,€in€their€Ô_ Ôterms,Ô_ Ô€ð ðquiteÐ ¨" " Ðinapplicable€to€the€House€of€Commonsð ð€(p.€602).€€In€so€holding,€Lord€HewartÐ @$° $ Ðð ðdepartedð ð,€as€he€admitted€at€p.€602,€from€the€ð ðobservations€of€my€illustriousÐ Ø%H & Ðpredecessor,€Lord€Russell€C.J.,€in€ò òWilliamson€v.€Ô_ ÔNorris€Ô_ Ôó ó[Ô_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ Ô[1899]Ô_ Ô€1€Q.B.€7,€Ô_ Ô12]ð ð.Ô_ Ô€€TheÐ p'à ( Ðfacts€of€the€case€are€readily€distinguishable,€of€course.€€The€impact€of€liquor€servicesÐ )x!* Ðwould€be€felt€only€by€members€of€Parliament€and€their€guests.€€The€ò òEx€parte€Herbertó óÐ * #, Ðcase€did€not€involve€the€ex

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€267,ò òó ó€sont€les€suivantes:Ý ƒ % ÑýEp `p ÝŒÐ , ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌò òó óà0 « àò ò[traduction]Ð \ È « Ð « Ð Ðà0 « àò ò2à0 ø « Ð « Ð àó óó óÓ Ó(1)à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àLa€Direction€g n rale€des€permis€dð ðalcool,€ tablie€au€sein€duÐ ô ` Ðminist re,€est€maintenue.Ð 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà « àà0 ø à(2)à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àLa€Direction€g n rale€peut€d livrer€des€licences€et€des€permisÐ X Ä Ðdð ðachat€dð ðalcool€aupr s€de€la€Direction€g n rale€de€laÏdistribution€des€boissons€alcooliques,€pour€revente€et€usage€enÏconformit €avec€la€pr sente€loi€et€la€ò òLiquor€Distribution€Actó ó.Ð ¼ ( 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÓ ÓÌò òà « à3ó óÓ Óà0 ø à(1)à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àConform ment€ €la€ò òPublic€Service€Actó ó,€le€ministre€nomme€leÐ Œ Ðdirecteur€g n ral€et€fixe€sa€r mun ration.Ð 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà « àà0 ø à(2)à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àSous€r serve€des€d crets€et€des€directives€du€ministre€touchantÐ „ ð Ðdes€questions€dð ðint r t€g n ral,€le€directeur€g n ral€doitÐ 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà0 « àà0 ø « Ð « Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð àa)à0 8 Ü Ð Ü Ð àappliquer€la€pr sente€loi;Ð è T 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà0 « àà0 ø « Ð « Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð àb)à0 8 Ü Ð Ü Ð àsurveiller€tous€les€ tablissements€et€les€fabricants€dð ðalcoolÐ € ì Ðtitulaires€dð ðun€permis.Ð 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÓ ÓÌò òà « à20Ó Óó óà0 ø à(1)à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àEn€plus€des€autres€pouvoirs€qui€lui€sont€conf r s€par€laÐ ° Ðpr sente€loi,€le€directeur€g n ral€peut,€de€sa€propre€initiative€ouÏ €la€suite€dð ðune€plainte,€prendre€des€mesures€contre€un€titulaireÏde€permis€pour€lð ðun€ou€lð ðautre€des€motifs€suivants:Ð 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà0 « àà0 ø « Ð « Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð àa)à0 8 Ü Ð Ü Ð àle€titulaire€du€permis€contrevient€ €une€exigence€de€la€pr senteÐ ¬" " Ðloi,€des€r glements€et€dð ðune€condition€attach e€ €son€permis;Ð 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà0 « àà0 ø « Ð « Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð àb)à0 8 Ü Ð Ü Ð àle€titulaire€du€permis€est€d clar €coupable€dð ðune€infraction€auxÐ %| % Ðlois€du€Canada€ou€de€la€Colombie„Britannique€ou€auxÏr glements€dð ðune€municipalit €et€dð ðun€district€r gional,€siÏlð ðinfraction€se€rapporte€ €lð ð tablissement€ou€ €sa€gestion;Ð 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà0 « àà0 ø « Ð « Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð àc)à0 8 Ü Ð Ü Ð àle€titulaire€du€permis€omet,€de€fa on€r p t e,€de€garder€sonÐ )x!

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Ð243.19.Ó ÓÐ )x!* ” Ð ” Ð ÐÌÔ& È Ôò òAuthors€CitedÐ 8,¨$. Ðó óÌÓ Óà0 ” àà Ü àBeaulieu,Jacqueline,€et€autres.€ò òLoi€sur€les€r gimes€compl mentaires€de€retraite:Ð h/Ø'2 ÐÔ' È 8,‚[ Ôannotations€et€commentairesó ó.€€Qu bec:€R gie€des€rentes€du€Qu bec,€1992€(feuillesÐ 40¤(3 Ðmobiles€mises€ €jourmars€1998,€envoi€nò òoó ó6).Ð ” Ð ” Ð ÐÌà0 ” àà Ü àBlouin,Rodrigue,€et€FernandMorin.€€ò òDroit€de€lð ðarbitrage€de€griefó ó,€5ò òeó ó d.€€Cowansville,Ð ( ˜ ÐQu .:€Yvon€Blais,€2000.Ð ô d ” Ð ” Ð ÐÌà0 ” àà Ü àCr te,Raymonde.€ð ðLes€r gimes€compl mentaires€de€retraite€au€Qu bec:une€institutionÐ Œ ü Ð €d couvrir€en€droit€civilð ð€(1989),€49€ò òR.€du€B.ó ó€177.Ð X È ” Ð ” Ð ÐÌà0 ” àà Ü àFerland,Denis,€et€Benoð3 ðtEmery,€dir.€€ò òPr cis€de€proc dure€civile€du€Qu becó ó,€vol.2,Ð ð ` Ð4ò òeó ó d.€€Cowansville,€Qu .:€€Yvon€Blais,€2003.Ð ¼ , ” Ð ” Ð ÐÌà0 ” àà Ü àGagnon,RobertP.€ò òLe€droit€du€travail€du€Qu becó ó,€5ò òeó ó d.€€Cowansville,€Qu .:€€YvonÐ T Ä ÐBlais,€2003.Ð ” Ð ” Ð ÐÌà0 ” àà Ü àGagnon,RobertP.,€LouisLeBel€et€PierreVerge.€€ò òDroit€du€travailó ó,€2ò òeó ó d.€€Sainte-Foy:Ð ¸ ( ÐPresses€de€lð ðUniversit €Laval,€1991.Ð „ ô ” Ð ” Ð ÐÌà0 ” àà Ü àLauzon,Yves.€ò òLe€recours€collectif.ó ó€€Cowansville,€Qu .:€€Yvon€Blais,€2001.Ð Œ ” Ð ” Ð ÐÌà0 ” àà Ü àSavard,Manon,€et€AnoukViolette.€€ð ðLes€affaires€ò òWeberó ó,€ò òOð ðLearyó ó,€et€ò òCanadien€PacifiqueÐ ´ $ ÐLt eó ó:€que€reste-t-il€pour€les€cours€de€justice?ð ð,€dans€ò òD veloppements€r cents€enÐ € ð Ðdroit€du€travail€(1997)ó ó.€€Cowansville,€Qu .:€Yvon€Blais,€1997,€49.Ó ·[ ÓÐ L ¼ ” Ð ” Ð ÐÓ ? Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X ” œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ? ÓÌà œ àAPPEAL€from€a€judgment€of€the€Quebec€Court€of€Appeal€(Baudouin,€MorinÐ | ì Ðand€RochonJJ.A.)€(2004),€42€C.C.P.B.€161,€2004€CarswellQue€688,€[2004]€Q.J.Ð „ ÐNo.3238€(QL),€setting€aside€a€decision€of€Cr peauJ.€(2003),€36€C.C.P.B.€180,€[2003]Ð ¬ ÐQ.J.€No.4279€(QL).€€Appeal€allowed,€McLachlinC.J.€and€Bastarache€and€BinnieJJ.Ð D ´ Ðdissenting.Ð Ü!L ! ÐÌà œ àò òGuyDuPontó ó,€ò òNancyBoyleó ó,ò òó ó€ò òNickRodrigoó ó€and€ò òJean-PhilippeGroleauó ó,€forÐ %| % Ðthe€appellant/respondent€Concordia€University.Ð ¤& ' ÐÌà œ àò òJohnT.Keenanó ó€and€ò òHaroldC.Lehreró ó,€for€the€respondent/appellantÐ Ô)D"+ ÐConcordia€University€Faculty€Association.Ð l+Ü#- ÐÌà œ àò òMario vang listeó ó€and€ò òMarieP pinó ó,€for€the€respondent€RichardBisaillon.Ð œ. '1 ÐÐ 40¤(3 ÐÑ t ¿r Ñâ t âÑ Ñâ t âÑ Ñà œ àNo€one€appeared€for€the€respondents€R gie€des€rentes€du€Qu bec,€JohnHa

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Ðafter€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€for€Saskatchewan€and€four€months€after€theÐ d Ðexpiry€of€the€time€prescribed€in€s.€58(1)(ò òaó ó)€of€the€Actò òó ó.Ý ƒ Ñým ˆ ÝŒÐ ü ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÔ # † X h¼ X X X h¼M # ÔÔ ‡ X h¼ X X X h¼ ÔÔ USCE. , ÔÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýÖ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú3Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ # † X h¼ X X X h¼¤ # ÔÔ ‡ X h¼ X X X h¼ ÔÔ CE. , US. , Ã ÔSection€59(1)€of€the€Act€provides€that,€under€special€circumstances,€the€CourtÐ , È Ðor€a€judge€may€extend€the€time€prescribed€by€s.€58(1)(ò òaó ó).€€Counsel€for€the€applicant€hasÐ Ä ` Ðsworn€an€affidavit€explaining€the€delay€in€bringing€this€leave€application.Ý ƒ ÑýÖ ñ ÝŒÐ \ ø ÐŒÝ ÝÔ # † X h¼ X X X h¼ˆ # ÔÔ ‡ X h¼ X X X h¼ ÔÔ USCE. , ÔÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýp Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú4Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ # † X h¼ X X X h¼> # ÔÔ ‡ X h¼ X X X h¼ ÔÔ CE. , US. , ] ÔIn€his€affidavit,€counsel€for€the€applicant€affirms€that€he€received€instructionsÐ Œ ( Ðto€proceed€with€an€application€for€leave€to€appeal€on€October€20,€2004.€€The€applicantð ðsÐ $ À Ðintention€to€seek€leave€to€appeal€was€initially€communicated€to€Crown€counsel€by€letterÐ ¼ X Ðdated€October€28,€2004.€€However,€he€did€not€file€his€application€for€leave€to€appeal€untilÐ T ð Ðò òApril€19ó ó,€2005.Ý ƒ Ñýp ‹ ÝŒÐ ì ˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý\# Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú5Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€explaining€this€delay,€counsel€for€the€applicant€states€that€a€senior€partnerÐ ¸ Ðat€his€firm,€his€father„in„law,€was€seriously€injured€in€a€motorcycle€accident€onÐ ´ P ÐSeptember€26,€2004€and€was€unable€to€return€to€work€until€December€2004.€€HeÐ L è Ðsubsequently€departed€on€January€4,€2005,€for€a€previously€scheduled€vacation€of€aboutÐ ä € Ðtwo€and€one€half€months.€€Moreover,€another€lawyer€at€the€same€firm€was€expecting€aÐ |! " Ðchild€and,€shortly€after€the€motorcycle€accident,€was€required€by€her€physician€to€reduceÐ #° $ Ðher€workload.€€She€subsequently€departed€on€maternity€leave€on€February€15,€2005.€€AsÐ ¬$H & Ða€result€of€these€events,€counsel€for€the€applicant€and€his€wife€were€required€to€take€overÐ D&à ( Ðthe€trials€originally€scheduled€for€their€colleagues€as€well€as€manage€their€own€caseloadsÐ Ü'x!* Ðand€oversee€the€law€office.€€Although€he€started€working€on€the€application€for€leave€toÐ t) #, Ðappeal€during€the€Christmas€break€of€2004,€he€states€that€he€was€only€able€to€completeÐ +¨$. Ðthe€written€materials€in€April€once€his€senior€partner€returned€from€vacation.Ý ƒ Ñý\# w# ÝŒÐ ¤,@&0 Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÔ # † X h¼ X X X h¼"! # ÔÔ ‡ X h¼ X X X h¼ ÔÔ USCE. , ÔÐ

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€€[Je€souligne.]Ð l/Ø'2 « Ð « Ð ÐÓ »1 ÓÐ 80¤(3 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýg4 Ýà $ àÚ ƒ z Ú97Ú ÚÛ € z a Ûà « àÝ ÝEn€lð ðesp ce,€tout€comme€dans€lð ðarr t€ò òRoss€Riveró ó,€la€nature€et€lð ðimportanceÐ ” Ðdu€droit€des€bandes€appelantes€sur€ces€terres€avant€1938,€ainsi€que€lð ðintervention€de€laÐ , ˜ ÐCouronne€pour€leur€compte,€en€tant€quð ðinterm diaire€exclusif€aupr s€de€tiers€(y€comprisÐ Ä 0 Ðla€province),€ont€impos € €la€Couronne€lð ðobligation€de€fiduciaire€de€faire€montre€deÐ \ È Ðloyaut €et€de€bonne€foi,€de€communiquer€lð ðinformation€de€fa on€compl te,€eu€ gard€auxÐ ô ` Ðcirconstances,€et€dð ðagir€avec€la€diligence€ð ðordinaireð ð€requise€dans€ce€quð ðelle€consid raitÐ Œ ø Ðraisonnablement€ tre€lð ðint r t€des€b n ficiaires€de€cette€obligation.

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Ðbut€be€conflicting:€€ò òSamson€Indian€Nation€and€Band€v.€Canadaó ó,€[1995]€2€F.C.€762Ð Ô-@&0 Ð(C.A.).€€As€the€Campbell€River€Band€acknowledged€in€its€factum,€ð ð[t]he€Crownð ðsÐ l/Ø'2 Ðposition€as€fiduciary€is€necessarily€uniqueð ð€(para.€96).€In€resolving€the€dispute€betweenÐ ” ÐCampbell€River€Band€members€and€the€non„Indian€settlers€named€Nunns,€for€example,Ð , ˜ Ðthe€Crown€was€not€solely€concerned€with€the€band€interest,€nor€should€it€have€been.€€TheÐ Ä 0 ÐIndians€were€ð ðvulnerableð ð€to€the€adverse€exercise€of€the€governmentð ðs€discretion,€but€soÐ \ È Ðtoo€were€the€settlers,€and€each€looked€to€the€Crown€for€a€fair€resolution€of€their€dispute.€Ð ô ` ÐAt€that€stage,€ò òprior€to€reserve€creationó ó,€the€Court€cannot€ignore€the€reality€of€theÐ Œ ø Ðconflicting€demands€confronting€the€government,€asserted€both€by€the€competing€bandsÐ $ Ðthemselves€and€by€non„Indians.€€As€Dickson€J.€said€in€ò òGuerinó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€385:Ý ƒ % ÑýSW nW ÝŒÐ ¼ ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àà ø àIt€should€be€noted€that€fiduciary€duties€generally€arise€only€with€regardÐ ì X Ðto€obligations€originating€in€a€private€law€context.€Public€law€duties,€theÐ ¸ $ Ðperformance€of€which€requires€the€exercise€of€discretion,€do€not€ò òtypicallyó óÐ „ ð Ðgive€rise€to€a€fiduciary€relationship.€€[Emphasis€added.]Ð P ¼ « Ð « Ð ÐÌÓ ò] ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¯_ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú97Ú ÚÛ € z a Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àHere,€as€in€ò òRoss€Riveró ó,€the€nature€and€importance€of€the€appellant€bandsð ðÐ € ì Ðinterest€in€these€lands€prior€to€1938,€and€the€Crownð ðs€intervention€as€the€exclusiveÐ „ Ðintermediary€to€deal€with€others€(including€the€province)€on€their€behalf,€imposed€on€theÐ ° ÐCrown€a€fiduciary€duty€to€act€with€respect€to€the€interest€of€the€aboriginal€peoples€withÐ H ´ Ðloyalty,€good€faith,€full€disclosure€appropriate€to€the€subject€matter€and€with€ð ðordinaryð ðÐ à!L ! Ðdiligence€in€what€it€reasonably€regarded€as€the€best€interest€of€the€beneficiaries.€€As€theÐ x#ä # Ðdispute€evolved€into€conflicting€demands€between€the€appellant€bands€themselves,€theÐ %| % ÐCrown€continued€to€exercise€public€law€duties€in€its€attempt€to€ascertain€ð ðthe€places€theyÐ ¨& ' Ðwish€to€haveð ð€(as€stated€at€para.24),€and,€as€a€fiduciary,€it€was€the€Crownð ðs€duty€to€beÐ @(¬ ) Ðeven„handed€towards€and€among€the€various€beneficiaries.€€An€assessment€of€theÐ Ø)D"+ ÐCrownð ðs€discharge€of€its€fiduciary€obligations€at€the€reserve„creation€stage€must€haveÐ p+Ü#- Ðregard€to€the€context€of€the€times.€€The€trial€judge€concluded€that€e

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€€Lð ðarticle41€dispose€que€la€personne€qui€sð ðest€vue€refuser€laÐ ” Ðcommunication€de€renseignements€et€qui€a€d pos €une€plainte€aupr s€du€CommissaireÐ , ˜ Ðpeut€exercer€un€recours€en€r vision€devant€la€Cour€f d rale.Ý ƒ % Ñýì¬ ÝŒÐ Ä 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý ° Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú15Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àEn€juillet1992,€le€SCRS€a€communiqu €dð ðautres€documents€ €lð ðappelant.

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ÐThe€provision€is€rationally€connected€to€the€objective,€as€ò òin€cameraó ó€hearings€reduce€theÐ Ô-@&0 Ðrisk€of€an€inadvertent€disclosure€of€sensitive€information,€but€it€fails€on€the€question€ofÐ l/Ø'2 Ðminimal€impairment.€€Section51(2)(ò òaó ó)€mandates€that€the€hearing€be€held€ò òin€cameraó ó€andÔ ‡ X V1 X X X Å+ ÔÐ ” Ðdoes€not€limit€the€ò òin€cameraó ó€requirement€to€only€those€parts€of€a€hearing€that€involve€theÐ , ˜ Ðmerits€of€an€exemption.€Ô # † X Å+ X X X V12 # Ô€Ô ‡ X V1 X X X Å+ ÔThe€requirement€that€the€entire€hearing€of€a€s.41€Ô_ ÔapplicationÔ_ Ô€orÐ Ä 0 Ðappeal€therefrom€be€heard€ò òin€cameraó ó€is€too€stringent.€€The€appropriate€remedy€is€to€readÐ \ È Ðdown€s.51(2)(ò òaó ó)€so€that€it€applies€only€to€the€ò òex€parteó ó€submissions€mandated€by€s.51(3).€Ð ô ` ÐA€reviewing€court€retains€the€discretion,€pursuant€to€s.46,€to€conduct€the€remainder€ofÐ Œ ø Ðthe€hearing€or€any€portion€thereof€in€public,€or€ò òin€cameraó ó,€or€ò òin€cameraó ó€and€ò òex€parteó ó.Ô # † X Å+ X X X V1d3 # ÔÔ ‡ X V1 X X X Å+ ÔÐ $ ÐÌà œ àÔ # † X Å+ X X X V1à5 # ÔThe€exemption€in€s.22(1)(ò òbó ó)€of€the€ò òPrivacy€Actó ó€is€not€limited€to€currentÐ T À Ðinvestigations€or€an€identifiable€prospective€investigation.€€Ô ‡ X V1 X X X Å+ ÔSince€CSIS€established€aÐ ì X Ðreasonable€expectation€of€probable€injury€to€investigations€in€generalÔ # † X Å+ X X X V1ì6 # ÔÔ ‡ X V1 X X X Å+ Ô,€it€was€justified€inÐ „ ð Ðclaiming€the€exemption€based€on€s.22(1)(ò òbó ó).Ô # † X Å+ X X X V1¡7 # ÔÐ ˆ ÐÌò òÔ& ( ÔCases€Citedó óÐ L ¸ ÐÌà œ àò òApplied:ó ó€€ò òLavigne€v.€Canada€(Office€of€the€Commissioner€of€OfficialÐ | è ÐLanguages)ó ó,€[2002]€2€S.C.R.€773,€2002€SCC€53;€ò òreferred€to:ó ó€€ò òAttorney€General€ofÐ !€ ÐManitoba€v.€National€Energy€Boardó ó,€[1994]€2€F.C.€502;€ò òRoyal€Bank€v.€W.€Got€&Ð ¬" " ÐAssociates€Electric€Ltd.ó ó,€[1994]€5€W.W.R.€337,€affð ðd€[1997]€6€W.W.R.€715,€affð ðd€[1999]Ð D$° $ Ð3€S.C.R.€408;Ô' ( L X8 Ô€ò òR.€v.€Dymentó ó,€[1988]€2€S.C.R.€417;€ò òR.€v.€Beareó ó,€[1988]€2€S.C.R.€387;€ò òB.Ð Ü%H & Ð(R.)€v.€Childrenð ðs€Aid€Society€of€Metropolitan€Torontoó ó,€[1995]€1€S.C.R.€315;€ò òR.€v.Ð t'à ( ÐOð ðConnoró ó,€[1995]€4€S.C.R.€411;€ò òKnight€v.€Indian€Head€School€Division€No.€19ó ó,€[1990]Ð )x!* Ð1€S.C.R.€653;€ò òBaker€v.€Canada€(Minister€of€Citizenship€and€Immigration)ó ó,€[1999]€2Ð ¤* #, ÐS.C.R.€817;€ò òChiarelli€v.€Canada€(Minister€of€Employment€and€Immigration)ó ó,€[1992]€1Ð

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Ðpr sent es€au€surintendant€ €lð ð gard€de€la€demande.Ð /¤(3 N Ð N Ð ÐÐ Ô/p)4 Ðà0 ` àà " à6.à0 N ` Ð ` Ð àLes€modalit s€contractuelles€qui€permettent€les€retraitsÐ d Ðdð ðexc dent.Ð 0 Ì N Ð N Ð ÐÌà0 ` àà " à7.à0 N ` Ð ` Ð àUn€avis€indiquant€que€des€copies€du€rapport€et€des€certificatsÐ È d Ðd pos s€aupr s€du€surintendant€ €lð ðappui€de€la€demande€relativeÐ ” 0 Ð €lð ðexc dent€peuvent€ tre€consult es€aux€bureaux€de€lð ðemployeur,Ð ` ü Ðet€des€renseignements€sur€la€fa on€dð ðobtenir€des€copies€du€rapport.Ð , È N Ð N Ð ÐÌà0 ` àà " à(2)Lð ðemployeur€d pose€une€copie€de€lð ðavis€exig €par€leÐ Ä ` Ðparagraphe78(2)€de€la€Loi€avant€de€le€transmettre€aux€personnes€vis es€ Ð , Ðce€paragraphe.Ð \ ø ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌà@ Ô Ô ' V à...ˆÐ ô ÐÌà0 ` àà " à(4)La€demande€que€pr sente€un€employeur€en€vue€dð ðobtenir,Ð Œ ( Ðconform ment€au€paragraphe78(1)€de€la€Loi,€le€consentement€duÐ X ô Ðsurintendant€pour€le€pr l vement€dð ðune€somme€sur€un€r gime€qui€continueÐ $ À Ðdð ðexister€est€accompagn e€dð ðune€copie€certifi e€conforme€de€lð ðavis€vis €auÐ ð Œ Ðparagraphe(1),€dð ðune€d claration€selon€laquelle€le€paragraphe78(2)€de€laÐ ¼ X ÐLoi€a€ t €respect ,€de€d tails€sur€les€cat gories€de€personnes€qui€ont€re uÐ ˆ $ Ðlð ðavis€et€de€la€date€ €laquelle€le€dernier€avis€a€ t €distribu .

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/ Ð / Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø à4.à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àThe€formula€for€allocating€the€surplus€among€the€planÐ Ô)D"+ Ðbeneficiaries.Ð * #, / Ð / Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø à5.à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àAn€estimate€of€the€amount€allocated€to€the€person.Ð 8,¨$. / Ð / Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà Ü àà œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à6.à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àThe€options€available€to€the€person€concerning€the€method€forÐ Ð-@&0 Ðdistributing€the€amount€allocated€to€the€person€and€the€periodÐ œ. '1 Ðwithin€which€any€election€respecting€the€options€must€be€made.Ð h/Ø'2 / Ð / Ð ÐÐ 40¤(3 Ðà0 œ àà Ü àà œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à7.à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àThe€method€of€distribution€that€will€be€used,€if€an€election€isÐ Ðnot€made€within€the€specified€period.Ð \ Ì / Ð / Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà Ü àà0 œ œ Ð œ Ð àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à8.à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àThe€name€and€details€of€the€person€to€be€contacted€with€respectÐ ô d Ðto€any€questions€arising€out€of€the€statement.Ð À 0 / Ð / Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà Ü àà œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à9.à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àNotice€that€the€allocation€of€surplus€and€the€options€availableÐ X È Ðfor€distributing€it€are€subject€to€the€approval€of€theÐ $ ” ÐSuperintendent€and€of€the€Canada€Customs€and€RevenueÐ ð ` ÐAgency,€and€may€be€adjusted€Ô_ Ôaccordingly.Ô_ ÔÓ ÓÔ_ ÔÐ ¼ , / Ð / Ð ÐÔ_ ÔÓ N " Ü , ‚X ž ø / ‡ h þ ô Ü , ‚X œ ø / ‡ h þ ö N ÓÌÔ_ Ô(3)Ô_ ÔÔ_ Ôà0 ž àò òFinancialÔ_ Ô€Services€Commission€of€Ontario€Act,€1997ó ó,€S.O.€1997,€c.€28Ð ì \ ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ R " Ü , ‚X œ ø / ‡ h þ ö Ü , ‚X ž ø / ‡ h þ ö v R ÓÓ ÓÌÓ % Óà œ àò òà0 ø à1.ó ó€€In€this€Act,Ð Œ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÓ Ó...Ð ´ $ ÐÓ ÓÌà œ àð ðregulated€sectorð ð€means€a€sector€that€consists€of,Ð L ¼ ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à(a)à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àall€co-operative€corporations€to€which€the€ò òCo-operativeÐ ä T ÐCorporations€Act€ó óapplies;Ð ° / Ð / Ð Ðà0 œ àÐ œ Ð œ Ð Ðà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à(b)à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àall€credit€unions,€caisses€populaires€and€leagues€to€which€theÐ H ¸ Ðò òCredit€Unions€and€Caisses€Populaires€Act,€1994ó ó€applies;Ð „ / Ð / Ð Ðà0 œ àÐ œ Ð œ Ð Ðà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àÔ_ Ô(cÔ_ Ô)à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àall€persons€engaged€in€the€business€of€insurance€and€governedÐ ¬ Ðby€the€ò òInsurance€Actó ó;Ð x è / Ð / Ð Ðà0 œ àÐ œ Ð œ Ð Ðà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à(d)à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àall€corporations€registered€or€incorporated€under€the€ò òLoan€andÐ !€ ÐTrust€Corporations€Actó ó;Ð Ü!L ! / Ð / Ð Ðà0 œ àÐ œ Ð œ Ð Ðà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à(e)à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àall€mortgage€brokers€registered€under€the€ò òMortgage€BrokersÐ t#ä # ÐActó ó;€orÐ @$° $ / Ð / Ð Ðà0 œ àÐ œ Ð œ Ð Ðà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à(f)à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àall€persons€who€establish€or€administer€a€pension€plan€withinÐ Ø%H & Ðthe€meaning€of€t

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€€Il€peut,€par€certificat,€attesterÐ ˜' ' Ðun€montant€dð ðimpð= ðt€impay €(par.223(2))€et€enregistrer€ce€certificat€aupr s€de€la€CourÐ 0)¬ ) Ðf d rale€(par.223(3)).€€D s€lors,€le€certificat€est€r put € tre€un€jugement€de€cette€cour.€Ð È*D"+ ÐCelle-ci€peut€alors€produire€un€certificat,€une€notification€ou€un€bref€faisant€preuve€duÐ `,Ü#- Ðcontenu€du€certificat€vis €au€par.223(2),€dont€le€ministre€peut€se€servir€pour€grever€dð ðuneÐ ø-t%/ ÐsðE ðret ,€dð ðun€privil ge,€dð ðune€priorit €ou€dð ðun€autre€droit€un€bien€situ €dans€une€provinceÐ / '1 Ð(par.

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Ðexercise€of€debt€collection.€€If€a€taxpayer€does€not€have€the€ability€to€satisfy€a€tax€debtÐ Ô P Ðprior€to€the€expiration€of€the€limitation€period,€the€Minister€can€choose€from€a€variety€ofÐ l è Ðmeans€to€extend€the€limitation€period.€€In€ò òRoss€v.€Canadaó ó,€[2002]€2€C.T.C.€222,€2002Ð "€ ÐFCT€401,€the€Federal€Court,€Trial€Division,€held€that€the€registration€of€a€certificate€withÐ œ# " Ðthe€Federal€Court€in€accordance€with€s.€223(3)€of€the€ò òITAó ó€gives€rise€to€a€renewal€of€theÐ 4%° $ Ðlimitation€period.€€See€also€ò òMacKinnon€v.€ò òó óCanadaó ó,€[2002]€4€C.T.C.€48,€2002€FCT€824,Ð Ì&H & Ðwhere€the€court€found€that€the€taxpayerð ðs€acknowledgement€of€indebtedness€by€way€ofÐ d(à ( Ða€hypothecation€agreement€with€the€Minister,€and€his€partial€payment€of€the€tax€debt,Ð ü)x!* Ðeach€served€to€renew€the€limitation€period.€€There€is€no€need€to€exhaustively€set€out€theÐ ”+ #, Ðways€in€which€the€Minister€can€extend€the€limitation€period,€other€than€to€note€that€thereÐ ,-¨$. Ðare€numerous€avenues€open€to€the€Minister€by€which€renewals€may€be€effected.€€ThereÐ Ä.@&0 Ðis€no€credible€basis€to€support€the€submission€that€the€laws€of€prescription€willÐ \0Ø'2 Ðundermine€the€equitable€collection€of€taxes€when€minimum€diligence€would€have€theÐ „ Ðopposite€effect.Ý ƒ % Ñý÷± ² ÝŒÐ ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÉ» Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú19Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€appellantð ðs€submission€that€the€rationales€for€limitation€periods€militateÐ L È Ðagainst€their€application€to€tax€collection€cannot€be€correct.€€As€noted€above,€limitationÐ ä ` Ðprovisions€are€based€upon€what€have€been€described€as€the€certainty,€evidentiary,€andÐ | ø Ðdiligence€rationales:€€see€ò òM.€(K.)ó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€29ò òó ó.€€The€certainty€rationale€recognizes€that,Ð Ðwith€the€passage€of€time,€an€individual€ð ðshould€be€secure€in€his€reasonable€expectationÐ ¬ ( Ðthat€he€will€not€be€held€to€account€for€ancient€obligationsð ð:€€ò òM.€(K.)ó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€29.€€TheÐ D À Ðevidentiary€rationale€recognizes€the€desire€to€preclude€claims€where€the€evidence€usedÐ Ü X Ðto€support€that€claim€has€grown€stale.€€The€diligence€rationale€encourages€claimants€ð ðtoÐ t ð Ðact€diligently€and€not€ð ðsleep€on€their€rightsð ðð ð:€€ò òM.€(K.)ó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€30.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÉ» ä» ÝŒÐ ˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý„À Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú20Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àEach€of€the€rationales€submitted€as€applicable€to€there€being€no€limitationÐ

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38(6)€de€laò ò€Child€Welfare€ActÐ Ô)D"+ Ðó óexon rait€lð ðUniversit €de€toute€responsabilit €li e€au€signalement€effectu €aupr s€duÐ l+Ü#- ÐSPE,€le€jugeRowe€ne€partageait€pas€son€avis€quant€ €la€port e€de€cette€disposition.€Ð -t%/ ÐSelon€lui,€ce€paragraphe€ne€pouvait€ tre€oppos €comme€moyen€de€d fense€ €lð ðargumentÐ œ. '1 Ðde€Mò òmeó óYoung€selon€lequel€lð ðUniversit ,€par€ses€manquements€internes,€avait€agi€deÐ 40¤(3 Ðmani re€n gligente€et€illicite€en€la€privant€dð ðune€carri re€en€travail€social.€€Des€craintesÐ Ðque€ces€agissements€aient€caus €un€pr judice€lð ðincitaient€ €conclure€quð ðun€nouveauÐ ( ˜ Ðproc s€ tait€n cessaire.€€Dans€son€ordonnance€formelle,€la€Cour€dð ðappel€a€simplementÐ À 0 Ðaccueilli€lð ðappel€et€rejet €lð ðaction€de€la€demanderesse,€le€jugeRoberts€ tant€dissident.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý Ò »Ò ÝŒÐ X È ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýZÛ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àMò òmeó óYoung€se€pourvoit€maintenant€devant€notre€Cour.Ý ƒ 0 ÑýZÛ uÛ ÝŒÐ ˆ ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& ` ÔÓ B Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Š Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ô – B ÓIV.à0 ž àò òAnalyseó óÐ ¸ ( ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ F Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ô – Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô – iÜ F ÓÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý-Ý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLes€questions€soulev es€en€lð ðesp ce€peuvent€ tre€r parties€dans€les€troisÐ è X Ðprincipales€cat gories€suivantes:Ô' ` ¸ ]Ü ÔÝ ƒ 0 Ñý-Ý HÝ ÝŒÐ € ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌà œ à(1)à0 ø àLa€nature€de€la€cause€dð ðaction;Ð ° ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à(2)à0 ø àlð ðobligation€et€la€protection€pr vues€ €lð ðart.38€de€la€ò òChild€Welfare€Actó ó;Ð à P ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ à(3)à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àla€question€de€savoir€si€le€droit€et€la€preuve€ tayent€lesÐ !€ Ðdommages-int r ts€accord s€par€le€jury.Ð ¨" " ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý5à Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú26Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àEn€examinant€ces€questions,€nous€devons€nous€rappeler€du€principe€selonÐ Ø%H & Ðlequel€les€cours€dð ðappel€ne€doivent€ carter€le€verdict€dð ðun€jury€que€sð ðil€sð ðagit€dð ðunÐ p'à ( Ðverdict€qui€nð ðaurait€pas€pu€ tre€rendu€par€un€jury€raisonnable€ayant€re u€des€directivesÐ )x!

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} L X ¤Õ I ÓÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` ÑýØ× Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú26Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€approaching€these€questions,€we€must€bear€in€mind€the€principle€thatÐ ˆ ø Ðappellate€courts€should€not€overturn€the€verdict€of€a€jury€unless€it€is€one€that€noÐ Ðreasonable€jury,€properly€instructed,€could€reach:€ò òHousen€v.€Nikolaisenó ó,€[2002]€2€S.C.R.Ð ¸ ( Ð235,€2002€SCC€33;€ò òH.L.€v.€Canada€(Attorney€General)ó ó,€[2005]€1€S.C.R.€401,€2005€SCCÐ P À Ð25.Ý ƒ ` ÑýØ× ó× ÝŒÐ è X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ E Ü , ‚X ž « Œ †X } L ¤ Ü , ‚X « Œ †X } L X E ÓA.à0 ž àò òThe€Nature€of€the€Cause€of€Actionó óÐ ˆ ž !ž ! ÐÓ I Ü , ‚X « Œ †X } L X Ü , ‚X ž « Œ †X } L X IÚ I ÓÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` ÑýKÛ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú27Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐ+Û # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔThe€jury€was€asked€whether€Leslie€Bella€or€William€Rowe,€by€their€acts€orÐ H ¸ Ðomissions,€had€breached€the€duty€of€care€they€owed€to€the€appellant.€€This€is€the€classicÐ à P Ðformulation€of€the€cause€of€action€in€negligence.€€It€is€premised€on€a€relationshipÐ x è Ðbetween€the€plaintiff€and€the€defendant,€which€in€turn€gives€rise€to€a€duty€of€care€on€theÐ !€ Ðdefendant€toward€the€plaintiff.€€Breach€of€the€standard€of€care€imposed€by€that€dutyÐ ¨" " Ðcreates€legal€liability€for€damages€caused€by€the€breach.€€There€was€evidence€before€theÐ @$° $ Ðjury€capable€of€establishing€all€the€elements€of€the€tort€of€negligence.€€Ý ƒ ` ÑýKÛ fÛ ÝŒÐ Ø%H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ E Ü , ‚X « ‚á ä …X } L ¤ Ü , ‚X « Œ †X } L X E Óà0 « à(1)à0 m « !« ! àò òExistence€of€a€Duty€of€Careó óÐ )x!* m !m ! ÐÓ I Ü , ‚X « Œ †X } L X Ü , ‚X « ‚á ä …X } L X ß I ÓÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñý à Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú28Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€Court€recently€affirmed€in€ò òCooper€v.€Hobartó ó,€[2001]€3€S.C.R.€537,Ð 8,¨$. Ð2001€SCC€79,€at€para.€24,€and€ò òMartel€Building€Ltd.€v.€Canadaó ó,€[2000]2€S.C.R.€860,Ð Ð-@&0 Ð2000€SCC€60,€at€para.€46,€that€the€ð ðdutyð ð€analysis€proceeds€in€two€stages:Ý ƒ ` Ñý à 'à ÝŒÐ h/Ø'2 ÐŒÝ ÝÌà0 « à(a)à0 ä « !« ! àIs€there€a€sufficiently€close€relationship€of€proximity€between€theÐ ( ˜ Ðparties€such€that,€in€the€reasonable€contemplation€of€theÐ À 0 Ðdefendant,€carelessness€on€its€part€might€cause€damage€to€theÐ X È Ðplaintiff?Ð ð ` ä !ä ! ÐÌà0 « à(b)à0 ä « !« ! àIf€so,€are€there€any€considerations€which€ought€to€negative€orÐ Ðlimit:€(a)the€scope€of€the€duty;€(b)the€class€of€persons€to€whomÐ ¸ ( Ðit€is€owed;€or€(c)the€damages€to€which€a€breach€of€it€may€giveÐ P À Ðrise?Ð è X ä !ä ! ÐÌÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐþÛ # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ã

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* Ðainsi€sa€capacit €de€gagner€un€revenu.Ó ÓÐ Ô)D"+ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌð ð€lð ðappui€de€cette€action€de€port e€g n rale,€lð ðappelante€a€pr sent €des€ l ments€deÐ -t%/ Ðpreuve€ tablissant€lð ðomission€de€lð ðencadrer€et€de€la€conseiller€judicieusement€au€sujetÐ œ. '1 Ðde€son€avenir,€ainsi€que€la€diffusion€n gligente€dans€la€facult ,€par€des€moyens€autresÐ 40¤(3 Ðque€le€signalement€effectu €aupr s€du€SPE,€de€lð ðid e€que€lð ðappelante€pourrait€avoirÐ Ðagress €des€enfants.Ð ( ˜ ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý«ø Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú31Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àBref,€en€lð ðesp ce,€la€proximit €d coulait€non€pas€simplement€dð ðunÐ X È Ðmalencontreux€signalement€effectu €aupr s€du€SPE,€mais€du€lien€g n ral€qui€existaitÐ ð ` Ðentre€les€professeurs€de€lð ðUniversit Memorial€et€leurs€ tudiants.€€M me€si€elle€ tudiaitÐ ˆ ø Ðð ð €distanceð ð,€lð ðappelante€ tait€un€membre€de€la€communaut €universitaire€qui€payaitÐ Ðdes€frais€de€scolarit ,€ce€qui€avait€pour€effet€de€g n rer€des€droits€et€responsabilit sÐ ¸ ( Ðmutuels.€€Le€lien€entre€lð ðappelante€et€lð ðUniversit €avait€un€fondement€contractuel,€ceÐ P À Ðqui€donnait€naissance€ €des€obligations€de€nature€ €la€fois€contractuelle€et€d lictuelle:Ð è X Ðò òCentral€Trust€Co.€c.€Rafuseó ó,€[1986]€2R.C.S.147.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý«ø Æø ÝŒÐ € ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý¡ü Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú32Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLa€question€de€savoir€si€une€obligation€de€diligence€sera€annul e€dans€leÐ ° Ðcas€o €les€parties€sont€des€ trangers€qui€nð ðont€entre€eux€dð ðautre€lien€que€les€ v nementsÐ H ¸ Ðentourant€un€ð ðsignalementð ð€ne€devrait€ tre€tranch e€que€lorsquð ðelle€se€posera.€€ðÀ ðÐ à P Ðsupposer€que€la€politique€g n rale€exprim e€dans€la€Loi€puisse,€dans€un€tel€cas,€annulerÐ x è Ðla€responsabilit €susceptible€de€r sulter€dð ðun€signalement€n gligent,€comme€nous€leÐ !€ Ðverrons€plus€loin,€cette€politique€ne€justifie€aucunement€dð ðannuler€la€responsabilit €quiÐ ¨" " Ðserait€par€ailleurs€engag e€dð ðapr s€les€faits€de€la€pr sente€affaire.

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Ðto€the€making€of€the€CPS€report€and€would€not€excuse€the€University€and€its€employeesÐ Ô)D"+ Ðfrom€failure€to€live€up€to€their€broader€responsibilities€to€the€appellant€as€a€member€ofÐ l+Ü#- Ðthe€university€community.€€The€facts€in€this€case€do€not€trigger€the€protection€of€the€ActÐ -t%/ Ðbecause,€quite€simply,€the€respondent€Dr.€Rowe€acted€on€nothing€more€than€speculationÐ œ. '1 Ðand€conjecture€in€making€his€report€which,€as€Director€of€the€School€of€Social€Work,Ð 40¤(3 Ðhe€must€have€known€would€have€serious€consequences€within€the€small€community€ofÐ Ðsocial€workers€in€Newfoundland,€including€the€likely€posting€of€the€appellantð ðs€nameÐ ( ˜ Ðon€the€provincial€Child€Abuse€Registry.Ý ƒ ` Ñý¢ò ½ò ÝŒÐ À 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐ?ô # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔÌÓ E Ü , ‚X « ‚á ä …X } L ¤ Ü , ‚X « Œ †X } L X E Óà0 « à(2)à0 m « !« ! àò òThe€Standard€of€Careó óÐ ð ` m !m ! ÐÓ I Ü , ‚X « Œ †X } L X Ü , ‚X « ‚á ä …X } L X uù I ÓÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñý`ú Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú33Ú ÚÛ € z ! Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€standard€of€care€that€ought€to€be€exercised€by€professors€towards€theirÐ Ðstudents€was€emphasized€in€the€testimony€of€Dr.€Wayne€Ludlow€who,€during€theÐ ¸ ( Ðrelevant€1994„1996€period,€was€the€Dean€of€Student€Affairs€at€Memorial€University.€Ð P À ÐDr.Ludlow€testified:Ý ƒ ` Ñý`ú {ú ÝŒÐ è X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àThe€relationship€between€the€professor€and€the€student€is€a€specialÐ ˆ Ðrelationship€...€[I]t€is€an€imbalanced€relationship€because€professor€is€allÐ ä T Ðknowing,€and€I€can€see€now€the€fear€and€trembling€of€the€young€first„yearÐ ° Ðstudents€when€they€went€to€classes,€someone€in€a€flowing€black€robe.€€SoÐ | ì Ðthe€power€balance€was€evident....Ó ÓÐ H ¸ « !« ! ÐÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` ÑýSþ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú34Ú ÚÛ € z " Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThose€whose€professional€responsibilities€include€the€exercise€of€suchÐ x è Ðpower€over€the€careers€and€future€lives€of€fee„paying€students€are€required€to€take€theÐ !€ Ðnecessary€care€to€get€their€facts€straight€before€taking€a€potential€career„ending€actionÐ ¨" " Ðin€relation€to€a€student.€€While€legislative€and€judicial€policy€mandates€the€quickÐ @$° $ Ðreporting€of€information€of€suspected€child€abuse,€it€does€not€do€so€to€the€exclusion€ofÐ Ø%H & Ðconsideration€of€the€legitimate€interests€of€the€person€named€in€the€report,€or€theÐ p'à ( Ðinterests€of€informants.€€This€€is€not€at€all€to€say€that€the€respondents€were€obliged€toÐ )x!* Ðconduct€their€own€investigation€of€the€suspected€abuse.€€Informants€are€ò ònot€ó órequired€toÐ * #, Ðha

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€15€pr voyait€:Ý ƒ % Ñý® É ÝŒÐ ” 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ ÓÓ Ü , ‚X « ø Ü ™ ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ Óà0 « àò òà ø à15.ó óà ™ àLe€ministre€d livre,€ €lð ð tudiant€qui€y€a€droit€et€qui€est€inscrit€ouÐ Ä ` Ðr put €inscrit€au€sens€du€r glement,€un€certificat€de€pr t€dont€les€modalit sÐ , Ðde€pr sentation€et€celles€de€versement€du€pr t€sont€d termin es€parÐ \ ø Ðr glement,€lð ðautorisant€ò ò €contracteró ó€un€emprunt€aupr s€dð ðun€ tablissementÐ ( Ä Ðfinancier€reconnu€par€le€ministre.Ó Œ ÓÐ ô « Ð « Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X « ø Ü ™ [ ž @ ÓÌLe€verbe€ð ð€contracter€ð ð€ tait€aussi€employ €aux€art.€40,€41€et€62€de€la€ò òLAFEó ó,€ainsi€quð ð Ð $ À Ðlð ðart.€56€du€ò òRAFEó ó,€avant€les€modifications.Ð ¼ X ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýæ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àBref,€tout€emprunteur€ou€pr teur€raisonnable€prenant€connaissance€duÐ ì ˆ Ðdocument€sð ðestimerait€li €par€un€contrat,€comme€lð ða€dit€le€juge€Rothman.€Il€appert€aussiÐ „ Ðque€toutes€les€parties€au€pr sent€litige€reconnaissent€la€relation€contractuelle€entreÐ ¸ Ðlð ð tudiant€et€lð ðinstitution€financi re.Ý ƒ % Ñýæ ÝŒÐ ´ P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ 9 Ü , ƒX ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ 9 Ó4.1.2à0 4 àò òLe€contrat€de€pr t€:€le€certificat€de€pr tó óÐ ä € 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐÓ = Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ƒX ø Ü 8 ¼ ! = ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýë! Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú26Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLe€contrat€de€pr t€sign €le€15€novembre€1996€par€lð ð tudiant€et€lð ðinstitutionÐ #° $ Ðfinanci re€contient€les€clauses€suivantes€:Ý ƒ % Ñýë! " ÝŒÐ ¬$H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àÔ ‡ X % X X X % Ô[ò òtraductionó ó]€€Le€pr sent€contrat€intervient€conform ment€aux€exigencesÐ Ü'x!* Ðde€la€Loi€sur€lð ðaide€financi re€aux€ tudiants€(L.R.Q.,€ch.€A„13.3)€et€de€sonÐ ¨(D"+ Ðr glement€dð ðapplication€(A„13.3,€art.€1)€et€aux€exigences€du€Programme€deÐ t) #, Ðgarantie€de€pr t€pour€lð ðachat€dð ðun€micro„ordinateur,€le€cas€ ch ant.Ô # † X % X X X % e# # ÔÔ_ ‡ † ÔÐ @*Ü#- « Ð « Ð ÐÌà0 « àÔ ‡ X % X X X % ÔSans€restreindre€la€port e€de€ce€qui€pr c de,€les€parties€conviennentÐ Ø+t%/ Ð galement€de€ce€qui€suit:Ô # † X % X X X % S% # ÔÔ_ ˆ ‡ ÔÐ ¤,@&0 « Ð « Ð Ðà0 « àÐ « Ð « Ð Ðà0 « àÔ ‡ X % X X X % ÔPRð* ðT€CONFORME€ð ð€LA€LOI€SUR€Lð ðAIDE€FINANCIð.

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ÐŒÝ ÝÐ Ô/p)4 ÐÓ Óà0 « àà Ü àBut€that€being€said,€once€it€has€been€concluded€that€the€contractualÐ d Ðrights€and€obligations€of€a€student€borrower€and€a€lender€bank€satisfy€theÐ 0 Ì Ðrequirements€of€the€statute€and€the€regulations,€we€must€logically€look€to€theÐ ü ˜ Ðcontract€concluded€and€the€law€that€then€existed€to€determine€the€rights€andÐ È d Ðobligations€of€the€borrowing€student.€[para.26]Ó ÈÛ ÓÐ ” 0 « Ð « Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÔÝ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú28Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThus,€the€substantive€issue€is€whether€the€rights€conferred€by€the€contract€ofÐ Ä ` Ðloan€can€be€unilaterally€modified€by€the€legislature,€which€is€not€a€signatory€to€theÐ \ ø Ðcontract.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÔÝ ïÝ ÝŒÐ ô ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ‚X ž × z ” •X Ü , ‚X « Ü 8 n Ó4.2à0 ž àò òVested€Rightsó óÐ $ À ž Ð ž Ð ÐÌÓ ? Ü , ‚X « ‚, z ” •X Ü , ‚X ž × z ” •X ? ÓÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý3à Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú29Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àBefore€considering€the€question€of€vested€rights,€I€would€like€to€note€that€aÐ T ð Ðdistinction€must€be€drawn€between€the€principle€of€vested€rights€and€the€principle€againstÐ ì ˆ Ðretroactivity.€€This€issue€is€of€great€importance€here.€€The€Attorney€General€of€QuebecÐ „ Ðsubmits€that€the€principle€of€the€retroactivity€of€legislation€is€not€in€issue€and€asks€theÐ ¸ ÐCourt€to€apply€the€principle€of€the€retrospectivity€of€legislation€that€was€recentlyÐ ´ P Ðreiterated€in€ò ò piciers€Unis€M tro-Richelieu€Inc.,€division€ð ð conogrosð ð€v.€Collinó ó,€[2004]Ð L è Ð3S.C.R.257,€2004SCC59.€€However,€it€should€be€noted€right€away€that€ò ò piciers€UnisÐ ä € Ðó ódealt€with€the€application€of€the€ò òImplementation€Actó ó,€ss.2€and€3€of€which€indicate€thatÐ |! " Ðð ðthe€recent€reform€of€the€ò òCivil€Code€ó óis€based€not€on€the€principles€established€at€commonÐ #° $ Ðlaw,€principles€which€give€great€importance€to€vested€rights.€€Rather,€it€is€a€systemÐ ¬$H & Ðessentially€based€on€the€ideas€of€the€French€jurist€PaulRoubier,€a€system€which€clearlyÐ D&à ( Ðdispenses€with€the€notion€of€vested€rightsð ð€(P.-A.Cð= ðt ,€ò òThe€Interpretation€of€LegislationÐ Ü'x!* Ðin€Canada€ó ó(3rded.€2000),€at€p.118).€€This€appeal€does€not€concern€a€dispute€resultingÐ t) #, Ðfrom€the€coming€into€force€of€the€ò òC.C.Q.ó ó€€We€must€therefore€apply€the€ò òInterpretationÐ +¨$. ÐActó ó,€R.S.Q.,€c.I-16,€which€gives€effect€to€the€principle€of€ð ðacquired€rightsð ð€in€s.12.€€Ý ƒ % Ñý3à Nà ÝŒÐ ¤,@&0 Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ

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ÐCanadaó ó,ò ò€ó ó2nd€ed.€€Toronto:€€Butterworths,€1999.Ð )x!* ” Ð ” Ð ÐÌà0 ” àà Ü àWalton,€Frederick€Parker.€€ò òThe€Scope€and€Interpretation€of€the€Civil€Code€of€LowerÐ * #, ÐCanadaó ó.€€Toronto:€€Butterworths,€1980.Ó p6 ÓÐ l+Ü#- ” Ð ” Ð ÐÌÓ B Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ô ÿÿ Ü , ‚X ” œ ø Ü 8 ¼ B Óà « àAPPEAL€from€a€judgment€of€the€Quebec€Court€of€Appeal,€[2001]€R.J.Q.Ð œ. '1 Ð2461,€[2001]€Q.J.€No.€4823€(QL),€reversing€in€part€decisions€of€the€Superior€CourtÐ 40¤(3 Ðdismissing€in€whole€or€in€part€objections€raised€by€the€appellant€during€examinations€onÐ Ðdiscovery€after€defence.€€Appeal€dismissed.Ð ( ˜ ÐÌà « àò òR al€Forestó ó,€ò òClaude€Marseilleó ó€and€ò òEnrico€Forlinió ó,€for€the€appellant.Ð X È ÐÌà « àò òOlivierF.Kottó ó,€ò òBernardP.€Quinnó ó€and€ò òMercedes€Glockseisenó ó,€for€theÐ ˆ ø Ðrespondent.Ð ÐÌà « àò òGiuseppeBattistaó ó,€for€the€intervener€Barreau€du€Qu bec.Ð P À ÐÌà « àò òDenisJacquesó ó,€for€the€intervener€the€Canadian€Bar€Association.Ð € ð ÐÌà « àEnglish€version€of€the€judgment€of€the€Court€delivered€byÐ ° ÐÌà « àò òLeBel€J.ó ó€ð" ðÐ à P Ð€€Ð x è ÐÓ Ü , ‚X a ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓI.à0 a àò òIntroductionÐ !€ a Ð a Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X a ø Ü 8 ¼ Ù@ @ ÓÌó óÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý•A Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú1Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThis€appeal€is€incidental€to€an€action€for€damages€brought€by€the€respondent,Ð @$° $ ÐFoster€Wheeler€Power€Company€Ltd.€(ð ðFosterð ð),€against€the€appellant,€the€City€ofÐ Ø%H & ÐMontr al€(the€ð ðCityð ð),€further€to€the€cancellation€of€a€project€involving€the€constructionÐ p'à ( Ðof€a€solid€waste€recycling€centre€and€a€municipal€incinerator€(the€Ô_ Ôð ðprojectð ð).Ô_ Ô€€DuringÐ )x!* Ðexaminations€on€discovery€after€defence,€Fosterð ðs€lawyers€and€lawyers€representing€someÐ * #, Ðof€the€interveners€wanted€to€ask€witnesses€questions€about€information€related€to€certainÐ 8,¨$. Ðaspects€of€the€project€that€was€obtained€from€lawyers€representing€the€municipalÐ Ð-@&0 Ðauthorities€in€the€matter€of€that€project.€€Although€the€appellant€objected€that€theseÐ h/Ø'2 Ðquestions€violated€professional€secrecy,€the€Quebec€Superior€Court€and€the€Quebec€CourtÐ Ðof€Appeal€allowed€a€certain€number€of€these€questions.€€This€appeal€concerns€the€scopeÐ ( ˜ Ðof€professional€secrecy€in€Quebec€civil€law€and€the€means€of€exercising€it,€specificallyÐ À 0 Ðwith€respect€to€one€of€its€components,€namely,€the€immunity€from€disclosing€confidentialÐ X È Ðinformation€to€others€in€a€judicial€proceeding.€€For€the€reasons€I€shall€give€here,€I

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